Chapter 1 Atoms

What level of biological organization is studied by cell biologists?

Cell

What branch of biology focuses on the study of cells?

Cell biology

What are emergent properties?

Characteristics that arise through interactions among smaller components in an organism

All living organisms contain genetic material that is composed of _____

DNA

Genes govern the characteristics of an organism. Each gene is a short segment of a _____

DNA molecule

What is studied in the field of genomics?

DNA sequences

List the levels of classification from most broad to the most specific

Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family

What level of organization is formed by interactions of a community of organisms with their physical environment?

Ecosystem

The domain of life that includes eukaryotic organisms is called _____

Eularya

What is a unifying concept in biology that explains the diversity of life?

Evolution

What carries the information to produce a proteome?

Genome

Living cells and organisms regulate their cells and bodies to maintain stable internal conditions through a process called

Homeostasis

_____ gene transfer can occur when an organism acquires genetic information from another organism without being the offspring of that organism

Horizontal

What type of gene transfer can occur between members of different species?

Horizontal gene transfer

What determines the function of a biological molecule?

Its structure

Match the word or phrase with the level of biological organization Heart DNA School of fish Plants, animals, and other living organisms in a forest Mosquito

Organ Macromolecule Population Community Organism

List the levels of organization seen in living organisms

Organs Organism Population Community Ecosystem Biosphere

Examples of macromolecules:

- Carbohydrates - Proteins - Nucleic acids

What are the principles of cell theory?

- Cells are the smallest unit of life - All organisms are composed of one or more cells - Cells come from pre-existing cells via cell division

What are the steps that are a part of the scientific method?

- Data analysis - Experimentation - Formulation of a hypothesis - Observation

The levels of biological organization that are the focus of ecology

- Ecosystems - Populations - Communities

Characteristics of all living things:

- Energy use and metabolism - Cells and organization - Growth and development - Response to the environment - Biological evolution

Ways that genetic material may be transferred during vertical gene transfer

- From mother cells to daughter cells - Via gametes

Discovery-based science does not test hypotheses. Why is this approach useful to scientists?

- It may have practical applications that benefit people - It may lead to the formation of hypotheses

Characteristics of a scientific hypothesis:

- Must be falsifiable - Must make predictions

Examples of organisms responding to environmental changes

- Plants growing toward sunlight - Bacteria detecting available nutrients - Animals growing thicker fur

What are the functions of the genome?

- Providing continuity from one generation to the next - Storage of information - Evolutionary change

Ideally, control and experimental groups should differ in how many variables?

1

What are the three domains in life?

1 Bacteria 2 Archaea 3 Eukarya

What are the following steps of the scientific method?

1 Observations are made about the natural phenomena 2 Leads to a hypothesis that tries to explain the phenomena 3 Experiment is conducted 4 Data from the experiment are analyzed 5 The hypothesis is supported or rejected

What is the difference between a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell?

A eukaryotic cell has a nucleus; a prokarytic cell does not

How does theory differ from a hypothesis?

A theory is supported by a large body of evidence

In vertical evolution, what causes new species to evolve from pre-exisiting species?

Accumulations of mutations

Match the subdiscipline with the level of biological organization Ecology Anatomy and physiology Cell biology Molecular biology

Populations, communities, and ecosystem Organisms Cells Molecules and macromolecules

_____ biologists try to understand how emergent properties arise from complex interactions of a group of biological components

Systems

What is taxonomy?

The classification and grouping of organisms

How do scientists determine whether the results of an experiment differ between an experimental group and a control group?

They analyze the data with statistics

Match the eukaryotic Kingdom with its description Protista Plantae Animalia Fungi

Unicellular and small multicellular organisms that are very diverse and are divided into several subgroups Multicellular organisms that carry out photosynthesis Multicellular organisms that must eat other organisms of the products of other organisms to survive Unicellular and multicellular organisms that have a cell wall and survive on decaying organic material

Match the domains of life with the definition Bacteria Archaea Eukarya

Unicellular prokaryotes found in many environments on Earth Unicellular prokaryotes that inhabit extreme environments, such as hot springs Unicellular or multicellular eukaryotes

What type of evolution involves a progression in changes in a series of ancestor called lineage?

Vertical

Studies of chemical compounds produced by living organisms have led to the development of:

a drug to treat high blood pressure, antibiotics, and aspirin

In taxonomy, species are grouped together if they have a recent common _____

ancestor

The smallest unit of an element that has the chemical properties of the element is the _____

atom

Molecules are formed by the bonding together of _____

atoms

The domains of life that contain prokaryotes are called _____ and _____

bacteria; archaea

Biologists use a two-part description called _____ nomenclature to provide each species with a unique scientific name

binomial

The study of life is called _____

biology

The _____ includes all the regions on the surface of the Earth and in the atmosphere where living organisms exist

biosphere

A simple unit of life surrounded by a membrane that contains macromolecules and molecules associated with each other is called a _____

cell

The smallest entity that can be considered a living organism is the _____

cell

Similar _____ make up a tissue, and two or more types of tissue make up an _____

cells, organ

An assemblage of populations of different species that live together in one place is a biological

community

The process of collecting and analyzing data without a preconceived hypothesis is referred to as _____-based science

discovery

When data collection and analysis are performed without a preconceived hypothesis, it is ________

discovery-based science

A biological community and the physical environment within which it lives together constitute an _____

ecosystem

Biological _____ refers to the phenomenon of populations of organisms changing over generations

evolution

Biological _____refers to the phenomenon of populations of organisms changing over generations

evolution

All species, both past and present, are related to one another through _____ history

evolutionary

If a hypothesis is supported by observation and experimentation, a researcher should

fail to reject the hypothesis

Scientific discoveries can result from _____ and _____

gathering new information; the scientific method

The collection of all the genetic material (the DNA) in a cell or organism is called the _____

genome

The information necessary to produce an organism's proteome is contained in its _____, which is the complete genetic composition of an organism or species

genome

In the binomial nomenclature system, each organism is given a unique scientific name: the first part is its _____, and the second part is its _____ epithet

genus; species

Discovery-based science is a useful approach because the data collected in discovery science may lead to the formation of new _____ that can be tested

hypotheses

Experiments are designed to test specific predictions based on one or more _____ which are proposed explanations for observations

hypotheses

A proposed explanation for a natural phenomenon is called _____

hypothesis

The scientific method is also known as _____ testing

hypothesis

A mutation may accumulate in a population if it _____ an organism's chances of survival and reproduction

increases

Biologists often study _____ organisms to explore scientific principles that apply more broadly to other species

model

Changes to the genetic material of an organism are called _____

mutation

Unicellular organisms are composed of _____, while multicellular organisms are composed of _____

one cell; many cells

In the taxonomic hierarchy, classes are subdivided into _____, which are in turn subdivided into _____

orders; families

Two or more types of tissues functioning together make up an _____

organ

Living things are also called _____, and a group of organisms with the same form and set of attributes is called a _____

organisms; species

In science, papers submitted for publication usually undergo a _____, which refers to the evaluation of results and recommendation of revisions by expert scientists

peer-review process

Kingdoms are subdivided into _____which are subdivided into _____

phla; classes

A group of organisms of the same species that occupy the same environment is called _____

population

The unity of common traits is rooted in the phenomenon of evolution from _____

pre-existing ancestors

The cell theory states that new cells come from _____

pre-existing cells

The first living organisms on Earth were _____

primitive cells

Experiments are designed to test specific predictions based on one or more hypotheses which are

proposed explanations

The molecules that are mostly directly responsible for the structure and function of cells are

proteins

The role of most genes is to provide instructions for the production of _____

proteins

While DNA encodes information for traits of organisms and cells, _____ are the macromolecules that are directly responsible for the structure and function of cells

proteins

The entire protein complement of a cell or organism is called the _____

proteome

The most specific level of classification is the _____

species

The diversity of life forms that exist on Earth is due to:

the large variety of environments found on Earth

Evolutionary change frequently involves

the modification of pre-existing structures for a new function

The biosphere is:

the regions on Earth and in the atmosphere where living organisms exist

In order to survive, all living things must be able to interact with _____

their environment

Science involves:

theoretical explanation, observation, and experimental investigation

Observations, tested hypothesis, and the laws of other scientific disciplines are incorporated into _____ that explain broad biological principles and allow predictions to be made about the properties of living organisms

theories

A broad explanation of a natural phenomenon that is substantiated by a large body of evidence is called a _____

theory

Cells of the same type that associate with one another form a _____

tissue

Both the _____ seen among modern species are explained by biological evolution

unity and diversity

The two mechanisms that lead to evolutionary change are _____ descent with modification and _____ gene transfer

vertical; horizontal