Chapter 1 Basic Anatomy

The abdominopelvic cavity includes the

-Abdominal cavity which is the superior (upper) portion which contains most of the digestive organs (as well as spleen, kidneys, and ureters) -Pelvic cavity which is the inferior (lower) portion which contains the distal large intestine, bladder, urethra, and reproductive organs

The upper limbs include

-Arm (brachial) -Forearm (antebrachial) -Wrist (carpal) -Hand (manual) -Fingers (digits)

Muscular system

-allows for manipulation of environment, locomotion, and facial expressions -maintains posture -produces heat

Cardiovascular system

-blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. -heart pumps blood

Digestive system

-breaks down food in absorbable units that enter blood for distribution to body cells

Urinary system

-eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body -regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of blood

Nervous system

-fast acting master control system of the body -responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands

Integumentary system

-forms external body covering -protects deeper tissues from injury -synthesizes vitamin D -houses cutaneous receptions (pain, pressure) and sweat/oil glands

Endocrine system

-glands secrete hormones that regulate various processes (i.e. growth, reproduction, and nutrient use or metabolism)

Organ System of the Human Body

-integumentary system -skeletal system -muscular system -lymphatic system -respiratory system -digestive system -nervous system -endocrine system -cardiovascular system -urinary system -reproductive system

The thoracic cavity is superior to the diaphragm and includes

-mediastinum -pericardium (includes pericardial cavity and pericardial fluid) -pleura (includes pleural cavity and pleural fluid)

Lines that divide the abdomen into 9 regions

-midclavicular planes (vertical) -subcostal plane (horizontal above) -intertubercular plane (horizontal below)

Reproductive system

-overall function is the production of offspring -male tests produce sperm and testosterone -male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to female reproductive tract -ovaries produce eggs and estrogen -remaining female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of fetus

Lymphatic system

-picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood -disposes of debris in lymphatic channels -houses WBCs (lymphocytes) involved in immunity

Skeletal system

-protects and supports body organs -provides framework muscles use to cause movement -"hematopiesis" blood cell formation in bone marrow -stores minerals (Ca2+ and PO4-3)

Abdominal regions

-right hypochondriac -epigastric -left hypochondriac -right lumbar -umbilical -left lumbar -right iliac -hypogastric -left iliac

Respiratory system

-supplies blood with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide -gaseous exchange occurs through walls of alveoli (air-sacs) in the lungs

The lower limbs include

-thigh (femoral) -leg (crural) -ankle (tarsal) -foot (pedal) -toes (digits)

2 Subdivisions of Microscopic Anatomy

Cytology, Histology

What is the serous cavity?

It is located between the parietal layer and the visceral layer that contains a lubricating film of serous fluid that is secreted by the cells, allows movement of organs with reduced friction

3 Subdivisions of Gross (Macroscopic) Anatomy

Regional Anatomy, Systemic Anatomy, Surface Anatomy

Abdominal quadrants

Right upper quadrant (RUQ) Left upper quadrant (LUQ) Right lower quadrant (RLQ) Left lower quadrant (LLQ)

Organ System level of organization

a group of organs interacting to perform a particular fucntion

Superior

above

In the balloon example of a serous membrane, what does the fist represent?

an organ

Chemical (Molecular) level of organization

atoms combine to form molecules with complex shapes - determine function

Deep

away from the surface, more internal

The 2 Major Body Regions

axial and appendicular

Inferior

below

Levels of Organization in the body

chemical (molecular), cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal

Superficial

close to body surface

Proximal

close to the point of attachment

What does the visceral layer serous membrane cover?

covers the external surface of organs (viscera) of the cavities

What are the 2 Dorsal (Posterior) body cavities

cranial cavity and vertebral cavity

Parasagittal plane

divides body into unequal right and left sides

Midsagittal plane

divides the body into equal right and left sides

Vertebral cavity aka Vertebral Canal or Spinal Cavity

enclosed by vertebral/spinal column (spine/backbone) and contains spinal cord, lined by meninges

Distal

farther from the point of attachment

Tissue level of organization

groups of cells working together to perform one or more specific function

The axial region includes

head, neck (cervical region), trunk

What organs does the mediastinum contain?

heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus, and major blood vessels

Transverse (Horizontal or Axial) plane

horizontal plane that divides the body into a top and bottom half

Cranial cavity

inside the skull and contains the brain, lined by meninges

What does the parietal layer serous membrane cover?

lines the internal surface of the body wall

The median space in the thoracic cavity is called the

mediastinum

Cellular level of organization

molecules combine to form organelles with each specific function - organelles are structural and functional components of cells

Contralateral

opposite sides

Organ level of organization

organs consist of 2 or more tissues working in combination to perform several functions

The ______________ pericardium is the outer most layer and forms the sac around the heart

parietal

The serous membrane that lines a cavity or body wall

parietal

What are the 2 layers of serous membranes

parietal (outer layer) visceral (inner layer)

The outer layer of the pleural serous membrane that lines the internal surface of the thoracic wall is the

parietal pleura

In the balloon example of a serous membrane, what does the outer balloon wall represent?

parietal serous membrane

The potential space between the parietal and visceral pericardia that contains serous fluid

pericardial cavity

Within the mediastinum, the heart is enclosed by a two layered serous membrane called the _________

pericardium

The right and left sides of the thoracic cavity contains the lungs, which are lined by a 2 layer serous membrane called the

pleura

What are the 3 types of serous membranes?

pleural (surrounds lungs) pericardium (surrounds heart) peritoneum (surrounds some abdominal organs)

The narrow, moist, potential space between the parietal and the visceral pleural layers is called the

pleural cavity

Body position where body is horizontal and face down

prone

Abdominal region includes

quadrants and 9 regions

Planes of Reference

sagittal, frontal (coronal), transverse (horizontal or axial)

Ipsilateral

same side

The thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities are lined by thin ___________

serous membranes (serosa)

What are serous membranes?

simple squamous epithelium and loose (areolar) connective tissue that covers organs and walls of the body cavities and produce serous fluid

Body position where body is horizontal and face up

supine

Regional Anatomy

the examination of all structures in a particular region at the same time

Organismal level of organization

the human being- the highest level of organization ALL organ systems must work together to maintain the life and health of the organism

Homeostasis

the state of dynamic equilibrium of the internal environment of the body that is maintained by ever-changing processes of feedback and regulation in response to external or internal changes / maintenance of static or constant conditions in the internal environment

Systemic Anatomy

the study of body structure system by system

Cytology

the study of cells

Physiology

the study of function - how body parts work and carry out their life-sustaining activities

Surface Anatomy

the study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface

Gross (Macroscopic) Anatomy

the study of large body structures visible to the naked eye

Anatomy

the study of structure - body parts and their relationships

Microscopic Anatomy

the study of structures too small to be seen with the naked eye

Histology

the study of tissues

What are the 2 Ventral (Anterior) body cavities

thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity (contains abdominal and pelvic cavities)

Trunk region includes

thoracic region and abdominal region

Anatomical position

to stand erect, feet forward, arms at side with palms facing forward, head facing forward (anteriorly)

Posterior or Dorsal

toward the back

Rostral

toward the forehead or nose

Anterior or Ventral

toward the front

Cephalic

toward the head or superior end

Medial

toward the midline

Lateral

toward the side

Caudal

toward the tail or inferior end

Bilateral

two-sided

The appendicular region includes

upper and lower limbs

Sagittal plane

vertical division of the body into right and left portions

Frontal (Coronal) plane

vertical plane dividing the body or structure into anterior and posterior portions (front and back)

The ______________ pericardium forms the heart's external surface

visceral

The serous membrane layer that covers an organ

visceral

the inner layer of the pleural serous membrane that covers the external surface of the lung is the

visceral pleura

In the balloon example of a serous membrane, what does the inner balloon wall represent?

visceral serous membrane