Chapter 1 Basic Anatomy
The abdominopelvic cavity includes the
-Abdominal cavity which is the superior (upper) portion which contains most of the digestive organs (as well as spleen, kidneys, and ureters) -Pelvic cavity which is the inferior (lower) portion which contains the distal large intestine, bladder, urethra, and reproductive organs
The upper limbs include
-Arm (brachial) -Forearm (antebrachial) -Wrist (carpal) -Hand (manual) -Fingers (digits)
Muscular system
-allows for manipulation of environment, locomotion, and facial expressions -maintains posture -produces heat
Cardiovascular system
-blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. -heart pumps blood
Digestive system
-breaks down food in absorbable units that enter blood for distribution to body cells
Urinary system
-eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body -regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of blood
Nervous system
-fast acting master control system of the body -responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands
Integumentary system
-forms external body covering -protects deeper tissues from injury -synthesizes vitamin D -houses cutaneous receptions (pain, pressure) and sweat/oil glands
Endocrine system
-glands secrete hormones that regulate various processes (i.e. growth, reproduction, and nutrient use or metabolism)
Organ System of the Human Body
-integumentary system -skeletal system -muscular system -lymphatic system -respiratory system -digestive system -nervous system -endocrine system -cardiovascular system -urinary system -reproductive system
The thoracic cavity is superior to the diaphragm and includes
-mediastinum -pericardium (includes pericardial cavity and pericardial fluid) -pleura (includes pleural cavity and pleural fluid)
Lines that divide the abdomen into 9 regions
-midclavicular planes (vertical) -subcostal plane (horizontal above) -intertubercular plane (horizontal below)
Reproductive system
-overall function is the production of offspring -male tests produce sperm and testosterone -male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to female reproductive tract -ovaries produce eggs and estrogen -remaining female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of fetus
Lymphatic system
-picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood -disposes of debris in lymphatic channels -houses WBCs (lymphocytes) involved in immunity
Skeletal system
-protects and supports body organs -provides framework muscles use to cause movement -"hematopiesis" blood cell formation in bone marrow -stores minerals (Ca2+ and PO4-3)
Abdominal regions
-right hypochondriac -epigastric -left hypochondriac -right lumbar -umbilical -left lumbar -right iliac -hypogastric -left iliac
Respiratory system
-supplies blood with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide -gaseous exchange occurs through walls of alveoli (air-sacs) in the lungs
The lower limbs include
-thigh (femoral) -leg (crural) -ankle (tarsal) -foot (pedal) -toes (digits)
2 Subdivisions of Microscopic Anatomy
Cytology, Histology
What is the serous cavity?
It is located between the parietal layer and the visceral layer that contains a lubricating film of serous fluid that is secreted by the cells, allows movement of organs with reduced friction
3 Subdivisions of Gross (Macroscopic) Anatomy
Regional Anatomy, Systemic Anatomy, Surface Anatomy
Abdominal quadrants
Right upper quadrant (RUQ) Left upper quadrant (LUQ) Right lower quadrant (RLQ) Left lower quadrant (LLQ)
Organ System level of organization
a group of organs interacting to perform a particular fucntion
Superior
above
In the balloon example of a serous membrane, what does the fist represent?
an organ
Chemical (Molecular) level of organization
atoms combine to form molecules with complex shapes - determine function
Deep
away from the surface, more internal
The 2 Major Body Regions
axial and appendicular
Inferior
below
Levels of Organization in the body
chemical (molecular), cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal
Superficial
close to body surface
Proximal
close to the point of attachment
What does the visceral layer serous membrane cover?
covers the external surface of organs (viscera) of the cavities
What are the 2 Dorsal (Posterior) body cavities
cranial cavity and vertebral cavity
Parasagittal plane
divides body into unequal right and left sides
Midsagittal plane
divides the body into equal right and left sides
Vertebral cavity aka Vertebral Canal or Spinal Cavity
enclosed by vertebral/spinal column (spine/backbone) and contains spinal cord, lined by meninges
Distal
farther from the point of attachment
Tissue level of organization
groups of cells working together to perform one or more specific function
The axial region includes
head, neck (cervical region), trunk
What organs does the mediastinum contain?
heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus, and major blood vessels
Transverse (Horizontal or Axial) plane
horizontal plane that divides the body into a top and bottom half
Cranial cavity
inside the skull and contains the brain, lined by meninges
What does the parietal layer serous membrane cover?
lines the internal surface of the body wall
The median space in the thoracic cavity is called the
mediastinum
Cellular level of organization
molecules combine to form organelles with each specific function - organelles are structural and functional components of cells
Contralateral
opposite sides
Organ level of organization
organs consist of 2 or more tissues working in combination to perform several functions
The ______________ pericardium is the outer most layer and forms the sac around the heart
parietal
The serous membrane that lines a cavity or body wall
parietal
What are the 2 layers of serous membranes
parietal (outer layer) visceral (inner layer)
The outer layer of the pleural serous membrane that lines the internal surface of the thoracic wall is the
parietal pleura
In the balloon example of a serous membrane, what does the outer balloon wall represent?
parietal serous membrane
The potential space between the parietal and visceral pericardia that contains serous fluid
pericardial cavity
Within the mediastinum, the heart is enclosed by a two layered serous membrane called the _________
pericardium
The right and left sides of the thoracic cavity contains the lungs, which are lined by a 2 layer serous membrane called the
pleura
What are the 3 types of serous membranes?
pleural (surrounds lungs) pericardium (surrounds heart) peritoneum (surrounds some abdominal organs)
The narrow, moist, potential space between the parietal and the visceral pleural layers is called the
pleural cavity
Body position where body is horizontal and face down
prone
Abdominal region includes
quadrants and 9 regions
Planes of Reference
sagittal, frontal (coronal), transverse (horizontal or axial)
Ipsilateral
same side
The thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities are lined by thin ___________
serous membranes (serosa)
What are serous membranes?
simple squamous epithelium and loose (areolar) connective tissue that covers organs and walls of the body cavities and produce serous fluid
Body position where body is horizontal and face up
supine
Regional Anatomy
the examination of all structures in a particular region at the same time
Organismal level of organization
the human being- the highest level of organization ALL organ systems must work together to maintain the life and health of the organism
Homeostasis
the state of dynamic equilibrium of the internal environment of the body that is maintained by ever-changing processes of feedback and regulation in response to external or internal changes / maintenance of static or constant conditions in the internal environment
Systemic Anatomy
the study of body structure system by system
Cytology
the study of cells
Physiology
the study of function - how body parts work and carry out their life-sustaining activities
Surface Anatomy
the study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface
Gross (Macroscopic) Anatomy
the study of large body structures visible to the naked eye
Anatomy
the study of structure - body parts and their relationships
Microscopic Anatomy
the study of structures too small to be seen with the naked eye
Histology
the study of tissues
What are the 2 Ventral (Anterior) body cavities
thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity (contains abdominal and pelvic cavities)
Trunk region includes
thoracic region and abdominal region
Anatomical position
to stand erect, feet forward, arms at side with palms facing forward, head facing forward (anteriorly)
Posterior or Dorsal
toward the back
Rostral
toward the forehead or nose
Anterior or Ventral
toward the front
Cephalic
toward the head or superior end
Medial
toward the midline
Lateral
toward the side
Caudal
toward the tail or inferior end
Bilateral
two-sided
The appendicular region includes
upper and lower limbs
Sagittal plane
vertical division of the body into right and left portions
Frontal (Coronal) plane
vertical plane dividing the body or structure into anterior and posterior portions (front and back)
The ______________ pericardium forms the heart's external surface
visceral
The serous membrane layer that covers an organ
visceral
the inner layer of the pleural serous membrane that covers the external surface of the lung is the
visceral pleura
In the balloon example of a serous membrane, what does the inner balloon wall represent?
visceral serous membrane