Chapter 1: Database Systems

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Database Consultant

Help companies leverage database technologies to improve business processes and achieve specific goal Skills: Database fundamentals, data modeling, database design, SQL, DBMS, hardware, vendor-specific technologies, etc.

To reveal meaning, information requires _______________.

context

Information in produced by processing _________________.

data

In-memory databases

primary memory (RAM), IBM's solidDB and Oracle's TimesTen

NoSQL (Not only SQL)

is a new generation of DBMS that is not based on the tradition relationship database model; are designed to handle the unprecedented volume of data, variety of data types and structures, and velocity of data operations that are characteristic of these new business requirements

Data management

is a process that focuses on data collection, storage, and retrieval

Database

is a shared, integrated computer structure that houses a collection of related data. It contains two types of data: end-user data (raw facts) and metadata

Metadata

is data about data, through which the end-user data is integrated and managed. It describes the data characteristics and the set of relationships that links the data found within the database (numeric, dates, or text). It presents a more complete picture of the data in the database

Database management (DBMS)

is the collection of programs that manages the database structure and controls access to the data stored. It resembles a very well-organized filing cabinet in which powerful software helps manage the cabinet's contents

Information

is the result of processing raw data to reveal its meaning. It consists of transformed data and facilitates decision making

Operating system software

manages all hardware components and makes it possible for all other software to run on the computers. Examples: Microsoft Windows, Linux, Mac OS, UNIX, and MVS.

database administrator

manages and maintain DBMS and databases; Skills: Database fundamentals, SQL, vendor course

DBMS software

manages the database within the database system. Examples: Microsoft's SQL Server, Oracle Corporation's Oracle, Oracle's MySQL, and IBM's DB2.

three types of software are needed to make the database system function fully

operating system software, DBMS software, and application programs and utilities

physical data format

The way a computer "sees" (stores) data.

Workgroup database

A multiuser database that usually supports fewer than 50 users or is used for a specific department in an organization.

logical data format

The way a person views data within the context of a problem domain.

query language

A nonprocedural language that is used by a DBMS to manipulate its data. An example of a query language is SQL.

Advantages of the DBMS

(1) Improved data sharing (2) Improved data security (3) Better data integration (4) Minimized data inconsistency (5) Improved data access (6) Improved decision making (7) Increased end-user productivity

Problems with file System Data Processing

(1) Lengthy development times (2) Difficulty of getting quick answers (3) Complex system administration (4) Lack of security and limited data sharing (5) Extensive programming

Uncontrolled data redundancy sets the stage for the following:

(1) Poor data security (2) Data inconsistency (3) Data-entry errors (4) Data integrity problems

The data anomalies are commonly defined as follows:

(1) Update anomalies (2) Insertion anomalies (3) Deletion anomalies

Complex database technologies include:

(1) Very large databases (VLDB) (2) Big Data databases (3) In-memory databases (4) Cloud databases

Procedures

(1) are the instructions and rules that govern the design and use of the database system (2) a critical, although occasionally forgotten, component of the system (3) play an important role in a company because they enforce the standards by which business is conducted within the organization and with customers (4) also help to ensure that companies have an organized way to monitor and audit the data that enter the database and the information generated from those data

Roles of the DBMS

(1) serves as the intermediary between the user and the database (2) receives all application requests and translates them into the complex operations required to fulfill those requests (3) hides much of the database's internal complexity from the application programs and users

DBMS Functions

- data dictionary management - data storage management - Data transformation and presentation - Security management - Multiuser access control - Backup and recovery management - Data integrity management - Database access languages and application programming interfaces - Database communication interfaces

Disadvantages of database systems

1. Increased Costs 2. Management Complexity 3. Maintaining Currency 4. Vendor Dependence 5. Frequent Upgrade/Replacement Cycles

data dictionary

A DBMS component that stores metadata—data about data. The data dictionary contains data definitions as well as data characteristics and relationships. May also include data that is external to the DBMS

data independence

A condition in which data access is unaffected by changes in the physical data storage characteristics.

data inconsistency

A condition in which different versions of the same data yield different (inconsistent) results.

data anomaly

A data abnormality in which inconsistent changes have been made to a database. For example, an employee moves, but the address change is not corrected in all files in the database.

structural dependence

A data characteristic in which a change in the database schema affects data access, thus requiring changes in all access programs.

structural independence

A data characteristic in which changes in the database schema do not affect data access.

data dependence

A data condition in which data representation and manipulation are dependent on the physical data storage characteristics.

Analytical database

A database focused primarily on storing historical data and business metrics used for tactical or strategic decision making.

Centralized database

A database located at a single site.

XML database

A database system that stores and manages semistructured XML data.

General-purpose database

A database that contains a wide variety of data used in multiple disciplines, such as census databases.

Discipline-specific database

A database that contains data focused on specific subject areas.

Cloud database

A database that is created and maintained using cloud services, such as Microsoft Azure or Amazon AWS.

Multiuser database

A database that supports multiple concurrent users.

Single-user database

A database that supports only one user at a time.

distributed database

A logically related database that is stored in two or more physically independent sites.

Structured Query Language (SQL)

A powerful and flexible relational database language composed of commands that enable users to create database and table structures, perform various types of data manipulation and data administration, and query the database to extract useful information.

desktop database

A single-user database that runs on a personal computer.

database system

An organization of components that defines and regulates the collection, storage, management, and use of data in a database environment.

______________ databases focuses primarily on storing historical data and business metrics used for tactical or strategic decision making.

Analytical

Data Scientist

Analyze large amounts of varied data to generate insights, relationships, and predictable behaviors Skills: Data analysis, statistics, advanced mathematics, SQL, programming, data mining, machine learning, data visualization

Big Data databases

Cassandra (Facebook) and BigTable (Google)

Database Developer

Create and maintain database based applications, Skills: programming, database fundamentals, SQL

____________________ exists when different versions of the same data appear in the different places.

Data inconsistency

unstructured data

Data that exists in its original, raw state; that is, in the format in which it was collected.

semistructured

Data that has already been processed to some extent.

structured data

Data that has been formatted to facilitate storage, use, and information generation

Cloud databases

Database that reside on the Internet, usually accessed through data services.

data type

Defines the kind of values that can be used or stored. Also, used in programming languages and database systems to determine the operations that can be applied to such data.

Cloud Computing Data Architect

Design and implement the infrastructure for next-generation cloud database systems Skills: internet technologies, cloud storage technologies, data security, performance tuning, large databases, etc

Database Architect

Design and implementation of database environments (conceptual, logical, and physical) Skills: DBMS fundamentals, data modeling, SQL, hardware knowledge, etc.

Database Designer

Design and maintain databases; Skills: system design, database design, SQL

Database Analyst

Develop databases for decision support reporting Skills: SQL, query optimization, data warehouses

data redundancy

Exists when the same data is stored unnecessarily at different places.

data integrity

In a relational database, refers to a condition in which the data in the database is in compliance with all entity and referential integrity constraints.

islands of information

In the old file system environment, pools of independent, often duplicated, and inconsistent data created and managed by different departments.

_____________ is the result of processing raw data to reveal its meaning

Information

__________________ is data about data through which the end-user data are integrated and managed.

Metadata

very large databases (VLDBs)

Oracle Exadata, IBM's Netezza, HP's Vertica, and Teradata; now being superseded by Big Data databases

System administrators

Oversee the database system's general operations.

enterprise database

The overall company data representation, which provides support for present and expected future needs.

Data processing (DP) specialist

The person responsible for developing and managing a computerized file processing system.

database design

The process that yields the description of the database structure and determines the database components. The second phase of the database life cycle.

People

This component includes all users of the database system. On the basis of primary job functions, five types of users can be identified in a database system: system administrators, database administrators, database designers, system analysts and programmers, and end users

End users

are the people who use the application programs to run the organization's daily operations. Examples: sales clerks, supervisors, managers, and directors are all classified by this type of user. Many employ the information obtained from the database to make tactical and strategic business decisions.

Application programs and utility software

are used to access and manipulate data in the DBMS and to manage the computer environment in which data access and manipulation take place

_______________________ is a special language used to represent and manipulate data elements in a textual

XML (Extensible Markup Language)

Field

a character or group of characters (alphabetic or numeric) that has a specific meaning; used to define and store data

File

a collection of related records. For example, a file might contain data about the students currently enrolled a Gigantic University

Data quality

a comprehensive approach to promoting the accuracy, validity, and timeliness of the data

Transactional database

a data base designed primarily to support a company's day-to-day operations. Also known as a OLTP, operational database, or production database

Operational database

a data base designed primarily to support a company's day-to-day operations. Also known as a transactional database, OLTP data base, or production database

Online transaction processing (OLTP) database

a data base designed primarily to support a company's day-to-day operations. Also known as a transactional database, operational database, or production database

Record

a logically connected set of one or more fields that describes a person, place, or thing. Examples: customer's name, address, phone number, date of birth, credit limit, and unpaid balance

Extendable Markup Language (XML)

a metalanguage used to represent and manipulate data elements in a textual format. Unlike other markup languages, it permits the manipulation of a document's data elements Examples: MS SQL server, IBM DB2, MySQL, Oracle RDBMS

Business intelligence

a set of tools and processes used to capture collect, integrate, store, and analyze data to support business decision making

Online analytical processing (OLAP)

a set of tools that provide advanced data analysis for retrieving, processing, and modeling data form the data warehouse

Data warehouse

a specialized database that stores historical and aggregated data in a format optimized for decision support

query

a specific request issued to the DBMS for data manipulation—for example, to read or update the data; A question or task asked by an end user of a database in the form of SQL code

Ad hoc query

a spur-of-the-moment question

An ______________ is a spur-of-the-moment question.

ad hoc query

Database administrators

also known as DBAs, manage the DBMS and ensure that the database is functioning properly

System analysts and programmers

design and implement the application programs. They design and create the data-entry screens, reports, and procedures through which end users access and manipulate the database's data

Database designers

design the database structure. They are, in effect, the database architects. If the database design is poor, even the best application programmers and the most dedicated DBAs cannot produce a useful database environment. Because organizations strive to optimize their data resources, they's job description has expanded to cover new dimensions and growing responsibilities.

From a general management point of view, the database system is composed of the five major parts

hardware, software, people, procedures, and data

Database Security Office

implement security policies for data administration Skills: DBMS fundamentals, database administration, SQL, data security technologies, etc.

Data is the foundation of...

information, which is the bedrock of knowledge

A __________ is a specific request issued to the DBMS for data manipulation.

query

Hardware

refers to all of the system's physical devices, including computers (PCs, tablets, workstations, servers, and supercomputers), storage devices, printers, network devices (hubs, switches, routers, fiber optics), and other devices (automated teller machines, ID readers, and so on)

Knowledge

the body of information and facts about a specific subject. It implies familiarity, awareness, and understanding of information as it applies to an environment

query results set

the collection of data rows returned by a query

Data

the raw facts, or facts that have not yet been processed to reveal their meaning to the end user; constitutes the building blocks of information; such as a telephone number, a birth date, a customer name, and a year-to-date (YTD) sales value. It has little meaning unless it has been organized in some logical manner

Social media

web and mobile technologies that enable "anywhere, anytime, always on" human interactions. Websites such as Google, Facebook, Twitter, and LinkedIn capture vast amounts of data bout end users and consumers


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