Chapter 1

What is an example of an organelle?

Chloroplast

Which of the following correctly lists the classification categories from the least to most inclusive? A. kingdom, phylum, domain, class, order family, genus, species B. domain, kingdom, class, order, family, phylum, genus, species C. genus, species, family, class, order, domain, phylum, kingdom D. species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain

D. species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain

Which of the following statements is false? A.) emergent properties are functions that arise from the interactions between an organism's parts B.) two of the three domains contain prokaryotic organisms C.) in a double-blind experiment, neither the researcher nor the subjects know which subject is assigned to which treatment D.) for a scientific study to be considered valid, the researchers must conduct experiments

D.) for a scientific study to be considered valid, the researchers must conduct experiments

Homo sapiens is the scientific name for humans. It consists of the A.) domain name followed by the genus name B.) kingdom name followed by the family name C.) order name followed by the class name D.) genus name followed by a specific descriptor

D.) genus name followed by a specific descriptor

All of the following are characteristics of life EXCEPT A.) evolution B.) reproduction C.) homeostasis D.) multicellularity

D.) multicellularity

Evolution through natural selection will occur most rapidly for populations of plants that A.) are already well adapted to the environment B.) live in an unchanging environment C.) are in the same genus D.) reproduce sexually and live in an unstable environment

D.) reproduce sexually and live in an unstable environment

What is an example of a molecule?

DNA

What is a prokaryote?

DNA is free in the cell and not confined to an organelle called a nucleus

A theory differs from a hypothesis in that a theory A. has predictive power for similar phenomena that haven't been observed yet. B. ties together many existing observations. C. has more supportive research evidence than a hypothesis. D. is broader in scope than a hypothesis. E. All of the answer choices are correct.

E. All of the answer choices are correct.

The four kingdoms included in the domain Eukarya are A. Bacteria, Protista, Plantae, and Animalia. B. Archaea, Bacteria, Plantae, and Animalia. C. Bacteria, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. D. Archaea, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. E. Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.

E. Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.

Which of these is not a required characteristic of life? A. structural organization B. homeostasis C. evolution D. energy use E. movement

E. movement

To be considered a 'life,' an organism must minimally consist of A. Proteins. B. Molecules. C. DNA D. Nucleus. E. one or more cells.

E. one or more cells.

Which of the following properties or processes, do we not associate with living things? A.) Evolutionary adaptations B.) Energy Processing C.) Responding to the Environment D.) Growth and Reproduction E.) Lack of DNA

E.) Lack of DNA

A structure, such as a flower or leaves in plants, or a liver in the animals, consisting of the tissues organized to carry out a specific function is a(an) A.) population. B.) molecule. C.) organelle. D.) cell. E.) organ.

E.) organ

What is this an example of in regards to a characteristic of life? : A kitten uses the energy from its mother's milk to fuel its own growth

Energy use

What is an example of an organ?

Leaf

What is an example of a cell?

Leaf cell

What is this an example of in regards to a characteristic of life? : Your kidneys regulate your body's water balance by adjusting the concentration of your urine

Maintenance of internal constancy (homeostasis)

What is this an example of in regards to a characteristic of life? : An acorn germinates, develops into an oak seedling, and, at maturity, reproduces sexually to produce its own acorns

Reproduction, growth, and development

What is an example of a population?

Multiple acacia trees

Can a hypothesis be proven true, and why?

No, because future discoveries may contradict to today's results.

Experiment Definition

an investigation carried out in controlled conditions

Does asexual or sexual reproduction produce virtually identical offspring?

asexual

What enhances the chance that some individuals will survive even if conditions change?

genetic diversity

Is the genus or the specific descriptor always capitalized?

genus

The species in each domain are further subdivided into ___________

kingdoms

Are biotic factors living or non-living ?

living

What is the mechanism that selects for adaptation?

natural selection

Are abiotic factors living or non-living?

non-living

Does asexual reproduction or sexual reproduction have a better chance of survival in terms of adaptation?

sexual reproduction

Variable Definition

- a changeable element of an experiment

What is the difference between a theory and a hypothesis?

- a theory usually contains multiple hypotheses , while a hypothesis is usually smaller and more narrow on the idea.

How should a prediction from a hypothesis be written?

- as an if-then statement -PREDICTION EXAMPLE: "If I put fuel into the tank, then my lawn mower should start."

Peer Review

- scientists independently evaluate the validity of methods, data, and conclusions - peer review ensures that journal articles are of high quality

Sample Size Definition

- the number of individuals assigned to each treatment

Tissues

-A collection of specialized cells that function in a coordinated fashion -Group of cells that interact and provide a specific function

Atom

-At the smallest scale, all living structures are composed of these particles called atoms -Bond together to form molecules -A particle of matter -Composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons

Molecules

-Atoms that have been bonded together -two or more atoms joined by chemical bonds

What is the main reason why Bacteria and Archaea are seperated in two different domains if they are so similar?

-Major differences in DNA sequences separate these two domains from each other

Emergent Properties

-Quality that results from interactions of a system's components -New functions that arise from physical and chemical interactions among a system's -EXAMPLE: flour, sugar, butter, and chocolate can become brownies

Kingdoms

-Species in each domain are further subdivided into kingdoms -taxonomic category below domain

Biosphere

-The global ecosystem -The parts of the planet and it's atmosphere where life is possible -Consists of all parts of the planet that can support life -Part of earth where life can exist

Ecosystem

-The living and nonliving components of an area -a community and its nonliving environment

Statistically Significant

-Unlikely attributed to chance

Evolution

-a change in the genetic makeup of a population over multiple generations

Population

-a group of the same species of organism living in the same place and time -interbreeding members of the same specials occupying the same region

Homeostasis

-a state of internal constancy in the presence of changing external conditions -the process of which the cell must also take in nutrients, excrete wastes, and regulate its many chemical reactions to prevent a shortage or surplus of essential substances

Organ

-a structure consisting of tissues organized to interact and carry out specific functions -two or more tissues that interact and function as an integrated unit

hypothesis

-a tentative explanation for one or more observations -the essential "unit" of scientific inquiry -a testable, tentative explanation based on prior knowledge

Community

-all populations that occupy the same region -group of interacting populations that inhabit the same region

Placebo

-an inert substance that resembles the treatment given to the experimental group -a chemically inactive (inert) substance used as an experimental control

Adaptation

-an inherited characteristic or behavior that enables an organism to survive and reproduce successfully in its environment

Predictions

-anticipated outcome of the test of a hypothesis

Dependent Variable

-any response that might depend on the value of the independent variable

Standardized Variable

-anything that the investigator holds constant for all the subjects in the experiment -ensures the best chance of detecting the effect of the independent variable

Decomposers

-are also heterotrophs like consumers -absorb energy and nutrients from wastes or dead organisms -recycle nutrients to the nonliving environment -includes fungi and some bacteria

Species

-basic unit of classification -designates a distinctive "type" of organism

What are some examples of an atom?

-carbon atom -oxygen atom -hydrogen atom

Domain Eukarya

-cells contain nuclei (eukaryotic) -unicellular (single celled) OR multicellular

Domain Archaea

-cells lack nuclei (prokaryotic) -most are unicellular (single celled)

Domain Bacteria

-cells lack nuclei (prokaryotic) -most are unicellular (single celled)

What does DNA exactly do for the cells?

-cells use genetic instructions that are encoded in the DNA to produce PROTEINS, which enable cells to carry out their functions in tissues, organs, and organ systems

Genus

-closely related species are grouped into the same genus -taxonomic category that groups closely related species

Organelles

-compartments that carry out specialized functions in cells -not all cells contain organelles -compartment of a eukaryotic cell that performs a specialized function

Producers

-extract energy and nutrients from the nonliving environment (this is how they make their own food) -also called autotrophs -organism that uses inorganic sources of energy and carbon

asexual reproduction

-genetic information comes from only one parent -all offspring are virtually identical

sexual reproduction

-genetic material from two parents unites to form an offspring -has new combination of inherited traits

EUKARYA KINGDOMS: Kingdom Fungi

-most are multicellular -heterotrophs (by external digestion)

EUKARYA KINGDOMS: Kingdom Plantae

-multicellular -autotrophs

EUKARYA KINGDOMS: Kingdom Animalia

-multicellular -heterotrophs (by ingestion)

Consumers

-obtain energy and nutrients by eating other organisms (living or dead) -also called heterotrophs -humans are consumers

Organ System

-organs connected physically or chemically that function together -multicellular life only -two or more physically or functionally linked organs

Scientific Method

-scientific knowledge arises from application of the scientific method -the general way of using evidence to answer questions and test ideas - a systematic approach to understanding the natural world based on evidence and testable hypothesis

What is an example of temperature homeostasis?

-shivering and sweating are responses that maintain body temperature within an optimal range

Cell

-smallest unit of life -can function independently -basic unit of life

Domains

-the broadest (most inclusive) taxonomic category

Natural Selection

-the enhanced reproductive success of certain individuals from a population based on inherited characteristics

Independent Variable

-the factor that an investigator directly manipulates to determine whether it causes another variable to change -a factor that is hypothesized to influence a dependent variable

Technology

-the practical application of scientific knowledge

Taxonomy

-the science of describing, naming, and classifying organisms

Control

-the untreated group -provides a basis for comparison in measuring the effect of the independent variable -untreated group used as a basis for comparison with a treated group in an experiment

EUKARYA KINGDOMS: Protista (multiple kingdoms)

-unicellular or multicellular -autotrophs or heterotrophs

Theory

-well-supported scientific explanation -an explanation for a natural phenomenon -typically broader in scope than a hypothesis

What is an example of an atom?

Carbon atom

The main source of energy in an ecosystem is A) light energy. B) thermal energy. C) O2. D) CO2.

A) light energy.

What is an example of an organ system?

Aboveground part of a plant

What is an example of a community?

All populations in a savana

Which two domains are prokaryotes?

Archaea and Bacteria

A control group is one in which A) experiment is repeated many times to ensure that the results are accurate. B) does not receive the experimental treatment and used to compare results of the experimental group C) there are two or more variables. D) the scientist has a full control.

B) does not receive the experimental treatment and used to compare results of the experimental group

Which of these provides evidence of the common ancestry of all life? A) use of catalyst (enzymes) by living organisms B) the genetic code in the DNA is universal in all the organisms C) structure of the nucleus D) structure of the cilia E) structure of chloroplasts

B) the genetic code in the DNA is universal in all the organisms

Is it true that the Zebra (Equus zebra) and Donkey (Equus asinus) belong to the same species? A. Yes because they both start with Equus. B. Yes because they are both related to horses. C. No. because the specific epithet is different for each. D. No because they do not look similar to each other.

C. No. because the specific epithet is different for each.

After spending an hour working outside in the hot, sunny weather, a person typically perspires and will need to drink water. This is part of A.) metabolizing energy. B.) maintaining homeostasis. C.) regulating blood proteins. D.) capturing solar energy. E.) adaptation to the warm weather.

B.) maintaining homeostasis

Which two domains are the most similar to each other?

Bacteria and Archaea

A group of organisms of the same species situated in a specific location is called a/an A) biosystem B) community. C) population. D) ecosystem. E) family.

C) population.

Which branch of biology is concerned with the naming and classifying of organisms? A) informatics B) schematic biology C) taxonomy D) genomics E) evolution

C) taxonomy

What are the three domains that all species fall under?

1.) Bacteria 2.) Archaea 3.) Eukarya

What are the four kingdoms in the domain eukarya?

1.) Protista (multiple kingdoms) 2.) Kingdom Animalia 3.) Kingdom Fungi 4.) Kingdom Plantae

How does the order of life go (from smallest to biggest)?

1.) atom 2.) molecule 3.) organelle 4.) cell 5.) tissue 6.) organ 7.) organ system 8.) organism

What are some examples of an emergent property?

1.) brain cell- interacting brain cells- brain = memory 2.) flour- sugar- butter- chocolate= brownies

What are the four interrelated parts in order of a scientific method?

1.) observations and questions 2.) hypothesis and prediction 3.) data collection 4.) analysis and peer review

What are the 7 characteristics that all living organisms share? (The Characteristics of Life) these also must be all combined to be considered life.

1.) organization or order (TB) 2.) regulation and maintenance of the internal environment (homeostasis) (TB) 3.) energy processing and use (TB) 4.) reproduction (TB) 5.) growth and development (TB) 6.) evolution (TB= Text Book) 7.) response to the environment (not listed in the textbook, but listed in the powerpoint.)

A major difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is that A. prokaryotes have a nucleus in their cells, while eukaryotes do not. B. prokaryotes do not have a nucleus in their cells, while eukaryotes do. C. prokaryotes do not have DNA, but eukaryotes do. D. prokaryotes have cell walls, while eukaryotes do not.

B. prokaryotes do not have a nucleus in their cells, while eukaryotes do.

The lowest level of biological organization that can perform all the activities required for life is the A) organelle B) cell C) tissue D) organ system E) organism

B.) Cell

Which of the following is smaller than an organelle? A.) an organ B.)a molecule C.) a cell D.) a tissue

B.) a molecule

A scientist has just observed a new phenomenon and wonders how it happens. What is the next step in his or her discovery of the answer? A.) observe B.) hypothesize C.) experiment D.) peer review

B.) hypothesize

Based on the evolutionary tree of the three domains, which of the following is true? A. All three domains have a common ancestor. B. Domain Bacteria and Domain Archaea are more closely related to each other than to Domain Bacteria. C. The Eukarya have remained the same throughout evolutionary time. D. All three domains are equally related to one another. E. The Eukarya are the common ancestors to the three domains.

A. All three domains have a common ancestor.

In an experimental procedure, researcher measures the changes in response to a factor or treatment being applied in the experiment. This measurement of response or change is called A. Dependent variable B. Experimental variable. C. Controlled response D. Independent variable.

A. Dependent variable

Which of these statements best expresses the common factor among all the organisms? A. Energy is needed to conduct processes of life. B. Organisms are composed of the same elements as rest of Earth. C. Changes in organisms happen only with the reproduction D. If there is any variation in environment, organisms must adapt immediately

A. Energy is needed to conduct processes of life

Domain __________ includes both the unicellular and multicellular organisms. A. Eukarya B. Bacteria C. Protista D. Fungi E. Plantae

A. Eukarya

In an experiment to test the effect of temperature on the rate of bacterial reproduction, temperature would be the A.) standardized variable B.) independent variable C.) dependent variable D.) control variable

B.) independent variable

Because plants extract nutrients from soil and use sunlight as an energy source, they are considered to be A.) autotrophs B.) heterotrophs C.) consumers D.) decomposers

A.) autotrophs

Homeostasis means that A.) conditions inside a cell or organism remain within a constant range. B.) environmental conditions are held constant and do not change. C.) cells have enough water. D.) a population changes over time. E.) all organisms require an energy source.

A.) conditions inside a cell or organism remain within a constant range.

The concentration of salts in blood remains relatively steady, regardless of a person's diet. This situation best illustrates A.) homeostasis B.) life's organizational hierarchy C.) autotrophy D.) evolution

A.) homeostasis

What is a hypothesis? A. the same thing as an unproven theory B. a tentative explanation that can be tested and is falsifiable C. a verifiable observation sensed directly, or sensed indirectly with the aid of scientific instrumentation D. a fact based on qualitative data that is testable E. a fact based on quantitative data that is falsifiable

B. a tentative explanation that can be tested and is falsifiable

In the different Hawaiian Islands, various species of the honeycreeper birds are similar in size and body shape but have a different length of their beaks. This is an example of A. homeostasis. B. adaptation and species descent with modification. C. taxonomy. D. DNA alteration

B. adaptation and species descent with modification.

Organisms that obtain energy by eating other organisms and their products as the nutrients are called A. autotrophs. B. consumers. C. producers. D. plants.

B. consumers.

Scientists were studying the temperature changes among the pregnant brown bats. What would be the best Control group for this study? A. pregnant bats B. female bats that were not pregnant. C. male bats D. juvenile female bats E. juvenile male bats

B. female bats that were not pregnant.

Which of the following is an example of the qualitative data, not quantitative? A. The temperature of water decreased from 20°C to 15°C. B. The plant's height is 2.5 meters. C. The tomatoes are very tasty. D. The pairs of robins hatched an average of three chicks in a season. E. Heart contracts 72 times a minute.

C. The tomatoes are very tasty.

Many insects do not see the red color-range. Therefore, many flowers which are pollinated by the insects, have other colors like purple and yellow. This flower coloration to attract insects would be considered a(n) A. pollination B. random occurrence C. adaptation. D. interactions with the environment E. DNA modification.

C. adaptation.

A biologist is studying how the pollution affects algae growth and snail populations in a portion of Lake Erie. What level of organization is she studying? A. population B. community C. ecosystem D. biosphere E. cells

C. ecosystem

Which of the following organisms' cells use the DNA as a genetic material but it is not enclosed inside a nuclear membrane? A. animal B. plant C. bacteria D. fungi E. protists

C.) Bacteria

The smallest unit of life is a A.) Tissue B.) Organ C.) Cell D.) Species E.) Organism

C.) Cell

Female fireflies emit flashes of light that attract the males. Such communication is an example of which characteristic of life? A.) maintaining homeostasis B.) metabolism C.) interactions with the surrounding environment D.) energy regulation E.) organization

C.) interactions with the surrounding environment

"The most restrictive taxonomy category" and "the ability to breed only among themselves" refer to the A. members of the same domain. B. members of the same kingdom. C. members of the same species. D. members of the same family. E. members of the same genus.

C.) members of the same species.

Which is the correct sequence for the levels of biological organization occurring beyond the individual? A.) population - ecosystem - community - biosphere B.) community - population - ecosystem - biosphere C.) population - community - ecosystem - biosphere D.) community - population - biosphere - ecosystem E.)ecosystem - population - biosphere - community

C.) population - community - ecosystem - biosphere

Can a theory be proven wrong? A.) no, theories are exactly the same as facts B.) no, because there is no good way to test a theory C.) yes, a new observation or interpretation of data could disprove a theory D.) yes, theories are exactly the same as hypotheses

C.) yes, a new observation or interpretation of data could disprove a theory

Prokaryotes belong to which of the following? A. Domain Eukarya B. Kingdom Plantae C. Kingdom Protista D. Domain Archaea E. Kingdom Animalia

D. Domain Archaea

In an experiment, which of the following is not a true statement? A. The larger the sample size the more meaningful the results. B. It is important to standardize aspects of an experiment that might affect the outcome, other than the independent variable. C. Without the proper control an experiment is not valid. D. The smaller the sample size the more meaningful the results.

D. The smaller the sample size the more meaningful the results.

The correct sequence going from smallest to largest is A. atom - molecule - cell - organelle - tissue. B. cell - tissue - organelle - molecule - atom. C. tissue - cell - organelle - molecule - atom. D. atom - molecule - organelle - cell - tissue. E. molecule - atom - organelle - cell - tissue.

D. atom - molecule - organelle - cell - tissue.

When applying the process of scientific method, which of the following is tested? A. question B. result C. observation D. prediction E. theory

D. prediction

Organisms that make their own nutrients by capturing solar energy from nonliving sources are called A. consumers. B. decomposers. C. parasites. D. producers.

D. producers.

What is an example of a tissue?

Epidermis of leaf

Which domain contains all species of eukaryotes?

Eukarya

Which domain has the 4 kingdoms?

Eukarya

What is this an example of in regards to a characteristic of life? : Increasing numbers of bacteria survive treatment with antibiotic drugs

Evolution

What is an example of an organism?

One acacia tree

What is this an example of in regards to a characteristic of life? : Atoms make up molecules, which make up cells, which make up tissues, and so on

Organization

What is an example of an ecosystem?

The savanna

Organism

a single living individual

Are scientific names always italicized?

Yes

Do all living cells contain DNA?

Yes