Chapter 1-Give Me Liberty, Voices of Freedom Chapter 1, Ch. 2 History "Voices of Freedom", Chapter 3 - Give Me Liberty, Give me Liberty Chapter 2, Give Me Liberty! Chs 1-4, Give Me Liberty Chapter 4, Voices of freedom chap 3 and 4

House of Burgesses

first elected assembly in colonial america. it was established in 1618 by the Virginia Company and first convened in 1619; only landowners had voting rights, and the company retained the right to nullify any measure adopted.

Mayflower Compact

first written frame of government in the U.S.

Carolina Early Economy

focused on Indian slave trade w/ west indies; got slaves from Creek confederacy tribe

Georgia

founded in 1737 by slave abolitionist James Oglethorpe who hoped to create a colony where worthy poor of England could thrive; originally banned liquor and slaves, but quickly reversed under royal charter; turned into a mini Carolina

Pilgrims

*first Puritans to emigrate to America *came from the Netherlands *sailed on the Mayflower *landed on Plymouth Rock *established the colony of Plymouth (1620)

3 types of regional slavery

1. tobacco based plantations in Chesapeake (little economic scale) 2. rice based plantation in SC and GA (huge economic scale) 3. Non plantation slavery in NE/ middle colonies

Regional Diversity

1. The backcountry was the most rapidly growing region in North America. 2. Farmers in the older portions of the Middle Colonies enjoyed a standard of living unimaginable in Europe. a. Pennsylvania was known as the "the best poor man's country".

Moral Liberty

"liberty to that only which is good"

Tobacco

-Becames Virginia's substitute for Gold, enabled the crown to place taxes on imports.exports, enriched farmers plantations, increased the demand of field labor, and shifted social status.

Pope

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How did the English Civil War impact the debate over freedom in the colonies?

*in early New England, freedom played only a minor role in political debates *the conflict in England highlighted the rights of the individual against the monarchy *most New Englanders sided with Parliament, the voice of the people

Describe the different global economies that Europeans participated in or created during the European age of expansion

*international trade with India and China of silk, tea, spices, and luxury goods *implementing African slaves as a form of labor

How did English settlers viewed land?

*land was the basis of independence and liberty *land ownership gave a person economic independence *land ownership made a person the master of his own labor *land could be passed on to a person's children

How did European settlers explain their superiority to Native Americans?

*more advanced technologies, such as metal tools, gun powder, and literacy *religious superiority of the true faith of Catholicism over their blasphemous and backward religious practices

Colonial Artisans

1. The city was home to a large population of artisans. a. Myer Myers was a Jewish silversmith from New York, whose career reflected the opportunities open to men of diverse backgrounds in colonial cities. 2. Despite the influx of British goods, American craftsmen benefited from the expanding consumer market.

Describe religious freedom in the early colonies.

*nothing like the "freedom of religion" that we have today *Puritans: freedom for themselves to do what they want, banned other religious groups *Maryland: religious toleration for other Christians only *Pennsylvania: set up as a haven for many religious groups *eventually, religious toleration became a way to attract settlers to your colony

Why was the "discovery" of America one of the "most important events recorded in the history of mankind"?

*peoples of Americas and Europe were thrown into constant interaction *Native Americans were devastated by epidemics, misfortune, and injustice *European colonizing countries found splendor and glory *Africans suffered a descent into the abyss of slavery

How did Europeans justify the conquest of native lands?

*right of military conquest *since Indians didn't believe in owning land, they had no claim to it

joint stock company

Company that pools money together of everyones money. Everybody divies up risk and reward. Formed a colony

How was the interest towards the Indians of the Spanish different than those of England?

E- wanted to displace them from their land. S- marriage, organize their labor, and make them subjects of the crown.

Jamestown

Established 1607

Roger Williams

Fought for true religious freedom; criticized Puritans

de la Salle

In 1681 descended upon the gulf of Mexico giving france all of the Mississippi River Valley

New Laws

Inspired by Bartolome de las Casas, were laws set forth by Spain that Indians would no longer be slaves.

Amerigo Vespucci

Italian explorer who in 1493 sailed the coast of South America. America would be named after him.

Do Bacon and his followers envision any place for Indians in Virginia society?

No they do not, he often refers to them as "barbarous" and demands that they be taken out of their society

Navigation Acts

Passed by the English Parliament to control colonial trade and bolster the mercantile system, 1650-1775; enforcement of the acts led to growing resentment by colonists.

peninsulares

Persons of Europian Birth that stood at the top of the social hierarchy

Dutch East India Company

Sailed into New York Harbor seeking to find the Northwest Passage. Was a joint stock company

Anglicanism

The Church of England.

Middle Passage

The voyage of slaves across the Atlantic.

Diggers

Wanted economic freedom through common land(applies to rich and poor)

matrilineal society

What most societies in Native American lives were. Children became part of their mothers families.

borderland

a meeting place of peoples where geographical and cultural borders are not clearly defined

Slaves identity

begin to associate selves as African American; all had desire of freedom

Junto Club

club for mutual improvement where weekly meetings debated politics and economics; ran by Ben Franklin

Tenochititlan

the capital of the Aztec empire

Pocahontas

"saved" John Smith; most likely was plan by Powhatan to show power over colonists

English Freedom

"that the king was subjected to the rule of the law and that all the persons should enjoy security of person and property"

Headright system

(1618) After the Jamestown colony was a failure at looking for gold, TVC realized to survive, they would have to find a marketable commodity. This awarded any colonist who could pay of their passage and had a labor force, 50 acres of land awarded to them.

Plymouth

(1620-1691) English Colony by puritans.

Great Migration

(1629-42), 21K puritans had migrated to Massachusets

Halfway Covenant

(1662) in order to facilitate admision to church, they held a baptism , which was "halfway" admitting the third generation as of those who emigrated during the Great Migration with a membership.

Glorious Revolution

A coup engineered by a small group of aristocrats that led to William of Orange taking the British throne in place of James II

seditious libel

A crime that included defaming government officials in published works.

Salem witch trials

A crisis of trials and executions in Salem, Massachusetts, that came about from anxiety over witchcraft in 1692.

Mayflower Compact

*agreement signed aboard the Mayflower that said the adult men of Plymouth agreed to obey just and equal laws enacted by representatives of their own choosing (democracy!) *first written frame of government in what is now the US

How did Europeans justify terminating the Indians freedom?

*believed their own version of freedom was superior and more valuable

Half-Way Covenant

*compromise by Puritan leaders to fight the decrease in church members *provided "half way" membership in the church for Puritan grandchildren *didn't stop people from leaving the church for more commercial pursuits (1662)

English liberty

*concept embodied by the terms of the Magna Carta *that the king was subject to the rule of law *that all persons should enjoy security of person and property

What are examples of the diversity of the Native American cultures when the Europeans arrived?

*different political systems *different set of religious beliefs *hundreds of different languages *Indian identity centered on the IMMEDIATE social group

Describe the challenges the early English settlers faced in settling North America

*diseases decimated settler populations *warfare between colonists and Indians *harsh winters in the Northeast *for most, 5-7 years of indentured servitude

Compare/contrast the New England and Chesapeake colonies' government.

*Chesapeake established the House of Burgesses, the first elected assembly in colonial America *New Englanders found "liberty" in a constrained religious framework

Compare/contrast the New England and Chesapeake colonies' family/household structure

*Chesapeake was dominated by male servants who worked the tobacco farms, very little family life *New England attracted families and allowed women to become full church members

Compare/contrast the New England and Chesapeake colonies' economy.

*Chesapeake's economy became dominated by the staple crop tobacco with many indentured servants, an elite class developed *New England exported fish and timber with most households doing their own labor, became merchant dominated

Compare/contrast European values and ways of life with regards to religion.

*Europeans brought Christianity with its strict dogma and worship of one God *Indians believed spiritual power could be found in all things, held elaborate ceremonies trying to get the aid of these forces/spirits

Compare/contrast Indian and European ideas of freedon on the eve of contact.

*Europeans defined freedom as "individual autonomy" tied to property ownership, living under a government with fixed laws *Indians put community over individual needs, "group autonomy" took precedence, creating a sense of belonging and connectedness

Compare/contrast European values and ways of life with regards to ownership of land

*Europeans saw land as an economic commodity to own *Indians saw land as a common resource to share

Compare/contrast European values and ways of life with regards to notions of freedom

*Europeans viewed freedom as a spiritual condition, free from sin through the teachings of Christ, and liberty came from knowing one's place in the social order *Indians viewed freedom as group autonomy

Compare/contrast European values and ways of life with regards to gender relations

*Indian men primarily hunted and fished for food while Indian women worked in the fields *Europeans considered hunting and fishing to be leisure activities and farm labor to be slave labor

Dissenters

*Protestants who belonged to denominations other than the established church *many fled to Rhode Island, which became a beacon of religious freedom

Compare/contrast the Puritans and William Penn's "holy experiments."

*Puritans wanted to establish a "city set upon a hill," where other Puritans could come and worship "freely" as Puritans *Quakers wanted to accept people of all religious beliefs

The Mercantilist System

-England attempted to regulate its economy to ensure wealth and national power. a. Commerce, not territorial plunder, was the foundation of the English empire. -The Navigation Acts required colonial products to be transported in English ships and sold at English ports. a. These Acts stimulated New England's shipbuilding industry.

King Philip's War

-In 1675, King Philip and his forces attacked nearly forty-five New England towns. -The settlers counterattacked in 1676, breaking the Indians' power once and for all

The Glorious Revolution in America

1. In 1675, England established the Lords of Trade to oversee colonial affairs, but the colonies were not interested in obeying London. 2. To create wealth, between 1686 and 1685 James II created a "super-colony", the Dominion of New England. a. The new colony threatened liberties.

The Salem Witch Trials

1. In 1691, several girls suffered fits and nightmares, which were attributed to witchcraft. 2. Three women, including a Caribbean slaved name Tituba, were named as witches. 3. Accusations snowballed; ultimately fourteen women and six men were executed before the governor halted all prosecutions. 4. Increase Mather published Cases of Conscience Concerning Evil Spirits, which advised people not to take accusations of witchcraft seriously.

Anti-Catholicism in England inspired by events such as

-attempts invasion of British Isles, reports of Spanish atrocities, Bartolome de las Casas writings(Black Legend), Pope refused to annul Henry VIII marriage.

John Calvin thoughts:

-the world is divided between the elect and the damned. good life and prospering economically= gods grace is upon you. idleness and immoral behavior= sure signs of damnation.

Changes in New England

1. In New England, Plymouth was absorbed into Massachusetts, and the political structure of Massachusetts was transformed. a. Land ownership, not church membership, was required to vote. b. A governor was appointed in London rather than elected. c. The colony had to abide by the Toleration Act, which increased the power of some non-Puritan merchants and landowners. d. These events along with French and Indian raids created tension in Massachusetts.

A Diverse Population

1. In the 18th century, African and non-English European arrivals skyrocketed. 2. As England's economy improved, large-scale migration was draining labor from the mother country. a. Efforts began to stop emigration.

Pueblo Revolt

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Spanish Florida

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criollos/creoles

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Indian Life in Transition

1. Indian communities were well integrated into the British imperial system. 2. Traders, British officials, and farmers all viewed Indians differently. 3. The Walking Purchase of 1737 used deceit to gain more land from the Pennsylvania Indians.

The Rise of Chesapeake Slavery

1. It was not until the 1660's that the laws of Virginia and Maryland explicitly referred to slavery. 2. A Virginia law of 1662 provided that in the case of a child born to one free parent and one slave parent, the status of the offspring followed that of the mother. 3. In 1667, the Virginia House of Burgesses decreed that conversion to Christianity did not release a slave from bondage. 4. By 1680, the black population was small, but notions of racial difference were well entrenched in law. 5. No mixed-race class existed as the law treated everyone with African ancestry as black.

Leisler's Rebellion

1. Jacob Leisler's, a Calvinist, took control of New York. 2. New York was divided along ethnic and economic lines. 3. Leisler was hanged, and New York politics remained polarized for years afterward.

Religious Diversity

1. 18th century British America was not a "melting point" as ethnic groups lived and worshiped in homogeneous communities. 2. 18th century British America was very diverse, a host to many religions. 3. Most colonies did not adhere to separation of church and state. a. Taxes were levied to pay for ministers. b. Catholics and Jews could not vote or hold office in most colonies. c. Jews, however, were able to escape the rigid religious restrictions of German-speaking parts of Europe. 4. Other liberties also attracted settlers: a. Availability of land. b. Lack of military draft. c. Absence of restraints on economic opportunity.

Poverty in the Colonies

1. Although poverty was not widespread in the colonies as it was in England, many colonists had to work as tenants or wage laborers because access to land diminished. 2. Taking the colonies as a whole, half of the wealth at mid-century was concentrated in the hands of the richest 10% of the population. 3. The better-off in society tended to view the poor as lazy and responsible for their own plight. a. Communities had policies to ward off undesirables.

Slavery in History

1. Although slavery has a long history, slavery in North America was markedly different. 2. Slavery developed slowly in the New World because slaves were expensive and their death rate was high in the 17th century. 3. Slavery came to be associated with race, drawing a permanent line between whites and blacks.

North America at Mid-Century

1. As compared to Europe, colonies were diverse, prosperous, and offered many liberties.

The End of the Rebellion and its Consequences

1. Bacon promised freedom (including access to Indian lands) to all who joined his ranks. 2. The rebellion's aftermath left Virginia's planter elite to consolidate their power and improve their image.

Slavery in the West Indies

1. By 1600, huge sugar plantations worked by slaves from Africa were well-established in Brazil and in the West Indies. 2. Prior to 1600, Indians and white indentured servants had done the labor; by the first few decades of the 16th century disease had killed off the Indians, and white indentured servants were no longer willing to do the backbreaking work required on sugar plantations. 3. Sugar was the first New World crop to be mass marketed to Europe. 4. In contrast to Brazil and the West Indies, slavery developed slowly in North America a. cost b. high death rate

A Slave Society

1. By the end of the 17th century, a number of factors made slave labor very attractive to English settlers; slavery began to supplant indentured servitude between 1680 and 1700. 2. By the early 18th century, Virginia had transformed from a society with slaves to a slave society. a. In 1705, the House of Burgesses enacted strict slave codes.

The Founding of Carolina

1. Carolina was established as a barrier to Spanish expansion north of Florida. 2. Carolina was an offshoot of Barbados and, as such, a slave colony from the start; yet agriculture was not initially central to the economy. 3. Early settlers sought Carolina-area Indians as allies and encouraged them to attack and capture Florida Indians as slaves. 4. From 1670 until 1720, Carolina engaged in a slave trade that sold captured Indians to other mainland colonies and to the West Indies. 5. The Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina envisioned a feudal society, but it was not established as such. The colonial government did allow for religious toleration, an elected assembly, and a generous headright system. 6. The economy grew more slowly until planters discovered rice, which would make them the wealthiest elite in English North America.

Anglicization

1. Colonial elites began to think of themselves as more and more English. 2. Desperate to follow an aristocratic lifestyle, many planters fell into debt.

The Colonial Elite

1. Expanding trade created the emergence of a powerful upper class of merchants. 2. In the Chesapeake and Lower South, planters accumulated enormous wealth. 3. America had no titled aristocracy or established social ranks. 4. By 1770, nearly all upper-class Virginians had inherited their wealth.

Notions of Freedom

1. From the start of American slavery, blacks ran away and desired freedom. 2. Settlers were well aware that the desire for freedom could ignite the slaves to rebel.

The German Migration

1. Germans, 110,000 in all, formed the largest group of newcomers from the European continent. 2. Germans tended to travel in entire families. 3. Their migration greatly enhanced the ethnic and religious diversity of Britain's colonies.

The Consumer Revolution

1. Great Britain eclipsed the Dutch in the 18th century as a leader in trade. a. Colonial products like coffee and tea. b. Manufactured goods such as linen, metalware, pins, ribbons, glassware, ceramics and clothing. 2. 18th century colonial society enjoyed a multitude of consumer goods from England and Asia.

Attracting Settlers

1. London believed colonial development bolstered the nation's power and wealth. a. Fifty thousand convicts were sent to the Chesapeake to work in the tobacco fields. 2. One hundred forty-five thousand Scottish and Scotch-Irish immigrants came to North America.

The Middle Ranks

1. Many in the nonplantation South owned some land. 2. By the 18th century, colonial farm families viewed land ownership almost as a right: the social precondition of freedom.

The Charter of Liberties

1. New York colonists demanded more liberties, especially the right to consent for taxation. 2. The English of New York got an elected assembly, which drafted a Charter of Liberties and Privileges in 1683.

The Maryland Uprising

1. News in America of the Glorious Revolution in England resulted in a reestablishment of former colonial governments. 2. Lord Baltimore was overthrown in Maryland.

Slavery and the Law

1. On paper, slaves in Spain's American empire had more legal rights when compared with slaves in the English American empire. 2. The line between slavery and freedom was more permeable in the 17th century than it would become later. a. Some free blacks were allowed to sue and testify in court. b. Anthony Johnson arrived as a slave but gained his freedom and then eventually owned slaves and several hundred acres of land.

Meanings of British Liberty in 18th century

1. Patriotism 2. possession of property 3. SHIFTED FROM ROLE IN SOCIAL CLASS TO RIGHT TO RESIST ARBITRARY GOV'T 4. cry of the rebellious

Land in Pennsylvania

1. Penn established an assembly elected by male taxpayers and "freemen", which meant that a majority of the male population could vote. 2. He owned all of the colony's land and sold it to settlers at low prices rather than granting it outright. 3. Pennsylvania prospered under Penn's policies as it attracted settlers from several European countries. 4. As Pennsylvania grew, the benevolent Indian policy would start to change.

The Holy Experiment

1. Pennsylvania was the last 17th century colony to be established and was given to proprietor William Penn. 2. A Quaker, Penn envisioned a colony of peaceful harmony between colonists and Indians and a haven for spiritual freedom.

Quaker Liberty

1. Quakers believed that liberty was a universal entitlement. a. Liberty extended to women, blacks, and Indians. 2. Religious freedom was a fundamental principle. a. Quakers upheld a strict moral code.

What concepts dominated colonial politics?

1. Right to vote 2. Assemblies vs Governor 3. Freedom of Expression 4. Enlightenment and Reason

What Factor Led to Distinct African Culture

1. Slavery 2. Northern Freedom 3. Resistance to Freedom

Colonial Cities

1. Spanish colonial cities such as Mexico City were much more populated than British North American cities. 2. Although relatively small and few in number, port cities like Philadelphia were important. 3. Cities served mainly as gathering places for agricultural goods and for imported items to be distributed to the country-side.

The Glorious Revolution in England

1. The Glorious Revolution in 1668 established parliamentary supremacy and secured the Protestant succession to the throne. 2. Rather than risk a Catholic succession through James II, a group of English aristocrats invited the Dutch Protestant William of Orange to assume the throne. 3. The overthrow of James II entrenched the notion that liberty was the birthright of all Englishmen. a. Parliament issued a Bill of Rights (1689) guaranteeing individual rights such as trial by jury. b. Parliament adopted the Toleration Act (1690), which allowed Protestant Dissenters to worship freely, although only Anglicans could hold public office.

Women and the Household Economy

1. The family was the center of economic life, and all members contributed to the family's livelihood. 2. The work of farmers' wives and daughters often spelled the difference between a family's self-sufficiency and poverty. 3. As population grew and death rate declined, family life stabilized and marriages became lifetime commitments. 4. With growing colonial structure, opportunities for women decreased. a. Division of labor along gender lines solidified. b. Despite more consumer products, women's work increased. c. As infant mortality decreased, women spent more time with child care.

The Conquest of New Netherland

1. The restoration of the English monarchy came in 1660, and the government chartered new trading ventures such as the Royal African Company. 2. In 1664, during an Anglo-Dutch war, Netherland was surrendered by the Dutch without a fight in order to retain their holdings in Africa, Asia, and South America.

The South Carolina Aristocracy

1. The richest group of mainland colonists was South Carolina planters. 2. The tie that held the elite together was belief that freedom from labor was the mark of the gentleman.

Englishmen and Africans

1. The spread of tobacco led settlers to turn to slavery, which offered many advantages over indentured servants. 2. In the 17th century, the concepts of race and racism had not fully developed. 3. Africans were seen as alien in their color, religion, and social practices.

New York and the Rights of Englishmen and Englishwomen

1. The terms of Dutch surrender guaranteed some freedoms and liberties but reversed others, especially for blacks. 2. The Duke of York governed New York, and by 1700, nearly 2 million acres of land were owned by only five New York families.

An Atlantic World

1. Trade unified the British empire and connected it to other parts of the world. 2. Membership in the empire had many advantages for the colonists. a. Colonists did not complain about British regulations of trade. b. British lax enforcement led to smuggling. c. Royal Navy protected American shipping.

Bacon's Rebellion: Land and Labor in Virginia

1. Virginia's shift from white indentured servants to African slaves as the main plantation labor forced was accelerated by Bacon's Rebellion. 2. Virginia's government ran a corrupt regime under Governor Berkeley, who maintained peaceful relations with Indians. 3. Good, free land was scarce for freed indentured servants, and taxed on tobacco were rising as the prices were failing. 4. Nathaniel Bacon, an elite planter, called for the removal of all Indians, lower taxes, and an end to rule by "grandees". His campaign gained support from small farmers, indentured servants, landless men, and even some Africans. 5. In some ways Bacon's Rebellion was a clash between two different elite groups.

The Prosecution of Witches

1. Witchcraft was widely believed in and punishable by execution. 2. Most accused were women.

How did the Great Awakening Challenge religious and social structure?

1. criticized commercial society 2. redrew religious landscape 3. emphasized role of indv judgement

Henry VII

1509 Cut off the Catholic church bc Pope denied annulment, established Anglican Church

A discourse concerning Western Planting

1584 writings by Richard Hakluyt, 23 reasons why Queen Elizabet I should support establishment in the colonies, one being saving the land and people from the tyranny and danger of Spanish Catholicism.

How many indians were their in jamestown when the english arrived?

15k to 25k

English's new idea of freedom took place in what years?

1640-1660

English Civil War broke out on what year?

1642

Act Concerning Religion

1649- institutionalized the principle of toleration that had prevailed , guaranteed "free exercise" of religion to all christians.

Stono Rebellion

1739 200 slaves from SC march to Florida for freedom

Prime Minister William Pitt

1757 British prime minister who during the seven years war provided funds to austria and prussia to enable them to hold line in war in Europe against french and ally spanish

Pontiac's Rebellion

1763 - An Indian uprising after the French and Indian War, led by an Ottowa chief named Pontiac. They opposed British expansion into the western Ohio Valley and began destroying British forts in the area. The attacks ended when Pontiac was killed.

Atlantic Trade

3 way trade btwn Europe America/West Indies and Africa; revolved around slavery(slavery, cash crops, goods for slave societies)

Zuni

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Neolin

A Delaware religious prophet whose teachings contributed to Pontiac's Rebellion.

Metacom

A Wampanoag leader, called King Philip by colonists, who was the mastermind behind a 1675 uprising against settlers known as King Philip's War.

Father Junipero Serra

A controversial figure who founded the first California mission in San Diego in 1769.

What made the English Settlement of New England distinctive?

A different social order emerged in New England, a religious movement known as "Puritanism." A term was initially coined by opponents to ridicule those not satisfied with the progress of the Protestant Reformation in England, who called themselves not Puritans but "godly" or "true Protestants."

Republicanism

A form of government in which power resides in the people and is exercised by their elected representatives; active participation in public life by economically independent citizens; virtue only possessed by property owning citizens

John Winthrop

A governor of Massachusetts who, in 1645, spoke to the legislature about the distinction between "natural" liberty (liberty to do evil) and "moral" liberty.

Great League of Peace

A group of five iriquious peoples who wanted peace in the area. People were Mohawk, Oneida, Cayuga, Seneca, and Onondaga.

Gullah

A language that mixed various African roots that was mostly unintelligible to whites.

English Toleration Act

A law of 1690 that allowed all Protestants to worship freely.

Hopi

A member of the Shoshonean people of northeastern Arizona

The Pueblo Revolt Spanish Royal Attorney 1680

A royal attorney interviewed survivors of the Pueblo Revolt in Mexico City, and concluded that the revolt arose out of the "many oppression" that the Indians suffered. The Pueblo Indians revolted in 1680, after Franciscan friars worked diligently and violently to convert the Indians to Catholicism. They burned Indian idols, masks, and sacred objects. Under the leadership of Popé, the Indians revolted and killed 400 Spaniards (21 Franciscan missionaries). In 1692, the Spanish reconquered New Mexico. A Spanish-speaking Indian Joseph declared the leaders of the Pueblo Revolt (El Popé and El Taqu) and he said the causes were ill treatment and injuries. All Catholic possessions and locations were burned, and the Indians bathed in the rivers to wash away the water of baptism. As soon as the Spanish left, they Indians rebuilt all the estufas, their houses of idolatry, and danced with masks in the image of the devil. According to Pedro Naranjo, "[El Popé] ordered in all the pueblos through which he passed that they instantly break up and burn the images of the holy Christ, the Virgin Mary and the other saints, the crosses, and everything pertaining to Christianity."

What does the author mean by a "free state?"

A place where people in society can think for themselves and have freedom of speech.

''salutary neglect''

A policy adopted by British governments that left the colonies largely to govern themselves.

Liberalism

A political ideology that emphasizes the civil rights of citizens, representative government, and the protection of private property. This ideology, derived from the Enlightenment, was especially popular among the property-owning middle classes; Lockean ideas of liberty

Bartholomeu Dias

A portugalise explorer that discovered Cape of Good Hope in 1487

Pontiac's Rebellion

A revolt against British rule in 1763 by Indians of the Ohio Valley and Great Lakes.

Las Siete Partidas

A series of Spanish laws granting slaves certain rights relating to marriage, the holding of property, and access to freedom.

''task'' system

A system whereby individual slaves were assigned daily jobs, the completion of which allowed them time for leisure or farming of their own.

redemptioners

A term for indentured families.

''cousinocracy''

A term referring to the tight-knit and intermarried nature of the Virginia upper class.

mercantilist system

A theory that government should regulate economic activity as to promote national power.

Middle Passage

A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies; 1/5 slaves died; only 5% destined for America; most went to Portugal or West Indies

Female Sole

A women alone, could enjoy independent legal identity denied to a married woman)

The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano

An autobiography of an freed slave that gives insight into slave life and challenges many period stereotypes towards blacks.

Albany Plan of the Union

Plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1754 that aimed to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes; the plan was turned down by the colonies and the crown;

slave code

Enacted in 1705 by the House of Burgesses, this legislation created the provision of white supremacy over slaves and blacks.

Economic scale

Enlarging size of production lowers costs and maximizes profit; big scale= larger plantations

British Liberty

Closely tied w/ Protestantism; not universal; all other countries enslaved to popery, tyranny, or barbarism

11. The trial of Anne Hutchinson (1637) Q: What seem to be the major charges against Hutchinson? Q: What does the case tell us about what the Puritan leaders thought about religious freedom?

A: - Holding a general assembly (mtg) in her home to discuss religion. - Dishonoring her mother and father by holding the meeting (5th Amendment) - Stating that God contacted her directly through a revelation A: The puritan leaders value order more so than religious freedom. Not total religious freedom

7. Exchange Between John Smith and Powhaten (1608) Q: What does each leader seek from each other? Q: How does the exchange illuminate some of the roots of conflict between settlers and indians.

A: Powhatan seeks copper, swords, to arm his people for protection against the armed John Smith. John Smith seeks corn and food for his men. A: Each group has something the other wants but is reluctant to trade because by the act of trading they cause the opposite group to gain strength.

13. The Levelers, The Agreement of the People Presented to the Council of the Army (1647) Q: What are the Levelers criticizing when they propose that "in all laws made or t be made every person may be bound alike"? Q: What are the main rights that the Levelers are aiming to protect?

A: The Levelers are criticizing the monarchy and its right to be above the law. A: - Freedom of Conscience with regards to Religion "Matters of religion and the way of God's worship are not at all entrusted by us to any human power, because therein we can not remit tor exceed a title of what our consciences dictate to be the mind of God.." - Equality under the laws "That all laws made or the be made every person may b bound alike, and that no tenure, estate, charter, degree, birth, or place do confer any exception from the ordinary course of legal proceedings.." - Right to vote

9. Maryland Act Concerning Religion (1644) Q: Members of which religious groups would be excluded from toleration under Maryland law? Q: What does the law refer to as the major reasons for instituting religious toleration?

A: The law only pertained to those that were Christians, all others were excluded. A: Most nations and colonies had strict laws regarding religion and had outlawed various religions that rulers deemed dangerous or disruptive. Maryland was established in 1653 as a grant of land by Celcelius Calvert, a catholic who hoped that protestants and catholics could live in harmony. In 1640's Maryland had a civil uprising due to a civil war that was taking place in England between protestants and catholics. In 1649, to restore order, Maryland institutionalized the principle of toleration that had prevailed from the colony's beginning.

8. Sending Women to Virginia (1622) Q: What advantages does the Virginia Company see in the promotion of family life in the colony? Q: Why does the company prefer that women marry landowning men as opposed to servants?

A: The promotion of family life by the Virginia Company in the colony was an act to create roots in the area. Without a family life, one was not likely to stay in that location working the land but was likely to move somewhere else. A: The company prefers women to marry landowning men because these men were much more likely to be able to provide for their wives as compared with servants.

10. John Winthrop, Speech to the Massachusetts General Court (1645) Q: Why does Winthrop use an analogy to the status of women within the family to explain his understanding of liberty? Q: Why does Winthrop consider "natural" liberty dangerous?

A: Winthrop uses the analogy of a women in the act of choosing her husband, she is choosing to be subject to him. She has the liberty of choice. It is this liberty that is analogous with Winthrop's understanding of "Moral Liberty". Which is "the proper end and object of authority, and cannot subsist without it; and it is a liberty that only which is good, just, and honest. Moral liberty meant obedience to religious and governmental authority. So in this sense one has the liberty to obey the laws, and in the case of a women, her husband. A: Natural Liberty, or acting without restraint is a "liberty to do evil as well as good". Winthrop insists that this liberty is "incompatible and inconsistent with authority. The exercise of maintaining of this liberty makes men grow more evil, and in time to be worse than brute beasts."

What are the most important kinds of work done by Carolina women, according to Lawson?

Clothing the family, having children, rowing canoes, planting, and educating the children.

runaways

Escaped slaves seeking freedom from their owners.

Azores

Colonized by Portugal. Located in the Atlantic off the African Cost. Sugar plantations were built.

Canaries

Colonized by Portugal. Located in the Atlantic off the African Cost. Sugar plantations were built.

The Results of Colonization Adam Smith 1776

Adam Smith was a Scottish writer and considered to be the founder of modern economics. Smith suggests that the two greatest recorded events of the history of mankind were the discovery of a passage to India around South Africa's Cape of Good Hope and the discovery of the new world. Smith weighs the great economic opportunity of colonizing the new world against the suffering of the Native Americans. He points out the Europe has increased its enjoyments and the augmentation of its industry through the discovery and colonization of America. He says that all countries directly or indirectly benefit from the discovery and have been encouraged to increase the industry and quantity. The discovery raised the mercantile system to a degree of splendor according to Smith, and the system promotes manufacture over agriculture. The new world has an abundant bounty of opportunity, growing every day.

How do owners hope their fugitives will be identified?

Age, ethnicity, height, complexion, hair, and clothes.

Madeira

Colonized by Portugal. Located in the Atlantic off the African Cost. Sugar plantations were built.

Colonial Identity Post 7 year's war

Americans regained sense of British nationality, Protestantism, and freedom by defeating Catholic French, but empire had vast differences and was extremely heterogenous

Jewish Petition to Dutch West India Company 1655

Among European colonies in the 17th century, New Netherland was noted for its religious toleration In 1655, a group of Jews arrived from Brazil, from which they had been expelled after the Portuguese took control from the Dutch. The governor ordered the Jews to leave, but the jews in Amsterdam asked the Dutch West India Company to reverse the decision. The Jews stated that expelling them from New Amsterdam would be damaging for both parties. They say that they are impoverished, loyal, and willing to risk their possession and blood for their leaders. He says that the larger the population, the better the taxes, trade, and importation. Then they state that Spain, Portugal, and England have embraced Jews and that many Jews are principal shareholders in the Company.

Covenant Chain

An alliance formed by Sir Edmund Andros between the New York colonists and the Indians. They attacked rival tribes and the French.

"Middle Ground"

An area between European empires and Indian sovereignty, where villages sprang up that provided an area to live for many members of tribes and where they could live side by side, along with European traders and missionaries; Indians aligned w/ European powers for protection

backcountry

An area stretching from central Pennsylvania southward through the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia and into upland North and South Carolina.

Proclamation Line of 1763

An order in which Britain prohibited its American colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains in order to limit strife on Indian and British borders; ultimately ignored by settlers

Yamasee uprising

An uprising in Carolina by Indians sparked by fears over trade debts owed to colonists.

Stono Rebellion

An uprising in South Carolina by slaves that led to a severe tightening of the slave code and the temporary imposition of a prohibitive tax on imported slaves.

Quakers

Anne Hutchinson followers; sprang up during English Civil War; abused in Massachusetts

How is the liberty of the apprentice limited by the indenture?

Apprentice can not play any games such as cards or dice without his master's permission. They shall not allow to reveal his master's secret and follow whatever master tells him or her what to do. Apprentice has to respect his master and obey his commands in any places. Apprentice is not allow to damage his master. Apprentice shall not commit fornication. Apprentice is not allow to buy or sell during this term. Apprentice shall not be absent day or night from his master's service without his permission. Apprentice shall behave during his term.

What obligations does each party assume in this document?

Apprentice must follow the master's rule and apprentice shall not do anything illegal or anything without his master's agreement. Apprentice has to respect his master. In return, the master has to supply food, shelter, clothes. They are making the agreement to make their relationship better.

Assembly Power

Assemblies claim same power as House of Commons; strongest assembly in PA where wealthy Quakers ruled only unicameral legislature; often struggled w/ governors over politics; defenders of people's liberty

Spanish Treatment of the Indians Bartolomé de las Casas 1528

Bartolomé de las Casas was a Spanish Catholic priest who was known as the "Apostle of the Indians." Las Casas exploited Indians for labor in Hispaniola and Cuba, but in 1514, he freed his slaves and began fighting for the rights of other Indians. Las Casas called for the Indians to have the same rights as the subjects of Spain, and his efforts resulted in the New Laws of 1542 that ordered that Indians no longer be enslaved. Las Casas' writings became the basis for the Black Legend, the image of Spain as a uniquely cruel empire. Las Casas, in the document, outlines the awful treatment of Indians and the greed and cruelty of the Spanish. "I believe the above clearly demonstrates that the Indians were totally deprived of their freedom and were put in the harshest, fiercest, most horrible servitude and captivity which no one who has not seen it can understand." 90% Native Americans died, and the destruction spread over the western hemisphere.

New Netherland

Became New York. Was a lot of fur bearing animals and Native Americans willing to help. Great harbor for trading. Had a short time period where they were the top in trade during the 1600s

Why does Hamilton equate Zenger's defense with "the cause of liberty?"

Because it would appeal to the jury to understand that, if they were to limit Zenger's rights by finding him guilty, then they would limit their own as well.

King Philip's War

Beginning in 1675, an uprising against white colonists by Indians. A multi-year conflict, the end result was broadened freedoms for white New Englanders and the disposession of the region's Indians.

Black Legend

Belief that the Spanish only killed, tortured, and stole in the Americas while doing no good

Growing role of identities

Blacks- united in their resistance to slavery even though they come from various tribes; develop African american identity Indians- result of seven years war united them in fight for liberty which was autonomy to then Settlers- regained sense of British nationalism bc they had defeated the french in the 7 year war

The Sovereignty and goodness of God

Book by Mary Rowlandson, a woman who was captured for 3 months and then released during an indian war. although she was treated good, the overlying theme was her determination to return to a Christian Society.

Atlantic Ocean

Bridge between New and Old World where ideas, goods, and people (slaves) flowed back and forth

Salutary Neglect

Britain allowed colonies to govern selves which lead to wealthy members of colonial assemblies to dominate gov't

Result of Seven Year's War

Britain got Canada and Florida from France in Spain for Martinique and Gadalupe, and Phillipenes and Cuba; France's empire in new world came to an end; resulted in British owing everything east of MI river and higher taxation in the colonies to fund the war

Virginia Company

British business organization who sponsored exploration of North America

Father Junipero Senna

CA missionary who spread christianity to Indians but often times forced labor upon the Indians

"City set upon a hill"

Established by Puritans in New England; was a Bible Commonwealth that "saved England from godlessness"

Harvard

Established in 1636 to train ministry

Lords of Trade

Established in 1675 by England to oversee colonial affairs.

circulating libraries

Establishments that made possible wider dissemination of knowledge, as books were still expensive. The first, the Library Company of Philadelphia, was established by Benjamin Franklin in 1731.

Mayflower

Carried 150 settlers from England and was supposed to go to Virginia, blown off course to Cape Cod

Trenchard and Gordon

Cato letters; part of republicanism; emphasized freedom of speech; people must guard their liberties; good gov't produce active citizens whose passions balance eachothers

metis

Children of those that were married between an Indian and a French Trader/Colonist. These children would become guides/interrupters.

Puritans

Christian New England settlers who... *disliked the rules and ceremonies and rituals of the Catholic church and its "popery" *urged believers to seek the truth by reading the Bible and listening to sermons by educated ministers

reconquista

Christian leaders tried to drive the Muslims out of Spain, lasting from the 1100s until 1492.

Anglican Church

Church of England established by Henry the 8th that made the king the head of the church (1509)

Principle of Consent

Churches formed by voluntary members that voted for ministers; no important decisions made without agreement of while male members; church membership was taken seriously and was very exclusive

Benin

City in Africa, known for its wealth

Cahokia

City near present day St. Louis was a community with between 10,000 and 30,000 citizens. Residents built giant mounds that were hundreds of feet tall. Was largest community in North America until New York and Philidophia in the 1800s.

Anne Hutchinson

Concerned with gender in religion; accused ministers on judging based on things other than inner grace of God; broke Puritan doctrine by saying God spoke to her and banished for it

Slave Rebellions

Slaves had a dangerous spirit of liberty according to Jamaican governor; many murderous slave rebellions; first rebellion in 1712 new york

Dominion of New England

Consolidation into a single colony of the New England colonies -- and later New York and New Jersey -- by royal governor Edmund Andros in 1686; dominion reverted to individual colonial governments three years later.

Mali

Country in Africa, known for its great wealth back in 15th century. Led by Mansa Musa, had expeditions

virtue

Defined in the eighteenth century as both a personal moral quality but also the willingness to subordinate self-interest to the pursuit of the public good.

What does Hamilton seem to think is the greatest threat to liberty?

Depriving people from their freedom of speech.

What challenges did the early English settlers face?

Disease, lack of food, high death rate The colony's (tobacco producing) leadership changed repeatedly, and, with the company seeking a quick profit, supplies from England proved inadequate.

smallpox

Disease. Type of Herpes. Has been eliminated from the planet earth. Extremely contagious. Native people had no immunity to it. Decimated native population.

Bartolome de las Casas

Dominican Priest that published an account of the decimation of the American Population. His father was on Columbus 2nd voyage. Freed his slaves in 1514. efforts lead to the creation of The New Laws

Bartolomé de Las Casas

Dominican priest who wrote about the horrible ways the Spanish treated the Indian population (1552)

Albany Plan of Union

Drafted by Benjamin Franklin in 1754; envisioned the creation of a Grand Council composed of delegates from each colony, with the power to levy taxes and deal with Indian relations and common defense.

English Bill of Rights

Enacted in 1689 by Parliament; listed parliamentary powers such as control over taxation as well as rights of individuals, including trial by jury.

Changes in Indian Farming, hunting, and cooking practices were due to

European Metal goods

Columbian Exchange

Exchange of plants, ideas, livestock, people, and diseases from Europe to North America. Introduced new markets to Europe, gave different types of plants not previously available. Altered millions of years of evolution. Created World Trade Routes.

Englands approach towards Indians concluded of

Exchanged goods, fur trading, tried to convert to Christianity but failed, often made treaties forcing Indians to give up their land although they claimed they were doing it peacefully. told their settlers some areas where off limits but some didn't listen, off in conquests of their own. Took more of them out than any of the English Empire from their land. They also brought epidemics and when the indians sourve of profit decreased(fur trading because scarcity), There was recurrent warfare b/w indian tribes.

Vasco da Gama

Explorer who sailed around the Cape of Good Hope to India in 1487. Demenostrated that a sea trade route to the east was possible.

How strict do gender roles appear to have been in early Carolina?

Fairly strict- better term could be founded. It seems that the gender roles are accepted and adhered to regularly. It appears to be understood by the community as "how it is."

Great Awakening

Fervent religious revival movement in the 1720s through the 1740s that was spread throughout the colonies by ministers like New England Congregationalist Jonathan Edwards and English revivalist George Whitefield.

Levellers

First democratic political movement to propose written constitution to abolish monarchy

Pilgrims

First puritans to emigrate to america (separatists)

John Calvin

Followed by Puritans; thought world was divided between elect & damned; who would be saved predetermined by God

Roanoke

Founded by Sir Walter Raleigh in 1535 off the coast of North Carolina. The first settlement was abandoned in 1586; the second settlement, established in 1586, was found mysteriously abandoned in 1590.

Champlain

French explorer who discovered Quebec Canada.

Acadians

French residents of Nova Scotia expelled by the British.

New France

French wanted to find gold and locate a northwest passage. Samuel Champlain founded first successful French Colony in Quebec in the year 1608. Later in 1678, a french explorer would take claim of the Mississippi river.In their colony they wanted to create a diplomatic system with the Indians, such as a culture where they were living in Unison.

Shift of slavery in VA

From tidewater(coastal) to Piedmont (inland)

Joliet

Fur trader that found the Mississippi river with Marquette.

freedom of expression

Generally not considered one of the ancient rights of Englishmen; there was no legal protection of free speech in the 17th century.

Margaret Brent

Given opportunity even though a women; owned plantation and was a lawyer

Charters

Grants of exclusive rights and privileges; contract

Cape Verde

Group of islands colonized by Portugal. Located in the Atlantic off the African Cost. Sugar plantations were built.

English Freedom Granted

Habeas Corpus(protection against being imprisoned without a legal charge), the right to face ones accuser, trial by jury, etc."

"Visible Saint"

Had to be one by testifying about conversion experience to become church member

What were Penn's Arguments in favor of religious liberty?

He did not agree with Europe's struck regulation and led a reform. William Penn founded Pennsylvania in 1680. This was the last colony to be formed in the 1600s. He wanted it to be a place with complete religious freedom. Europe had strict religious regulations.Penn was trying to get away from that. He was a vital member of the group called Quakers. Quakers believed that the spirit of God lived inside of all people, not just elected government officials. They called this spirit, the "inner light". The Quakers believed that this "inner light" helped spiritually guide people more than the Bible. This is why they believed that the government dint have the right to restrict their religion.

How does Cole's account help us to understand why many established religious leaders were alarmed by Whitefield's appearance in the American colonies?

He was a popular priest that caught the attention of many and soon after hearing him were moved by what he had to say and his beliefs.

Slavery in Chesapeake

Healthier climate and smaller plantations meant family centered communities and assimilated into euro american culture

Early Modern Era

Historical Era that refers to one of the 1st times that Europeans were exploring the ocean. First used in 15 and 1600s. After renaissance, before englithment

Christian liberty

Idea liberty was not the freedom to do whatever one wanted, but rather freedom granted by God to those who were morally righteous.

British Enlightenment

Idea that social an political life should be be ran based on scientific research and experiment; passion governed man but reason should govern life

John Smith

Imposed a regime of forced labor on company lands (Jamestown) One of Jamestown's first leaders, whose autocratic rule alienated many of the colonists; returned to England after being injured by a gunpowder explosion in 1609.

How did the English empire in America expand in the mid-17th century?

In the mid seventeenth century it became apparent to the European countries that American Colonies would become an important source of wealth. European mother countries expanded in America through mercantilism (government should regulate economic activity so as to promote national power. It should encourage manufacturing and commerce by special bounties, monopolies, and other measures. The main result of this theory is that the mother countries, Europeans, could control trade so that more gold and silver flowed into the country than left it. These export goods created revenue for mother countries. Because of this Europe continued to expand in America with financial profits.

Pueblos

Indian people in Rio Grande. Made complex irrigation systems for cornfields; lived in villages of multi-storied, terraced buildings

moundbuilders

Indian peoples of the Ohio River valley sustaining large settlements after the incorporation of corn during the first millenium.

What elements of Indian life does Neolin criticize most strongly?

Indians resisted to become slaves. Europeans overtook lakes, woods, and mountains that were left by Native Americans' ancestors. Europeans deprived bread, pork and beef from Native American. Native Americans suffered from Europeans and forefathers lost their customs and traditions. They did not know how to use bows and arrows because they bought guns and knives from Europeans. Although Native Americans lost their cultures, their lives developed from Europeans.

Body of Liberties

Issued by General Court inn 1641; outlined colonists rights and responsibilities based on social standing; allowed slavery

How did the English Civil War affect the colonies in America?

It caused a division between loyalists of English Parliament and free English colonies.

John Cabot

Italian explorer who led the English expedition in 1497 that discovered the mainland of North America

How many people left England between 1607 and 1700?

More than half a million

Marquette

Jesuit Priest that found the Mississippi River with Joliet

Who introduced the cultivation of the tobacco crop that came from the West Indies?

John Rolfe

Ferdinand and Isabella

King and Queen of Spain during the age of Exploration in the 15th century; funded Columbus's journey to America's

Englands views of the new world:

Land of opportunity for the English Laboring classes that would allow them to acquire economic independence

lingua franca

Latin for French Language. Means when there's a group of languages whose common language is not one of them. Before Pueblo Revolt. Native Americans needed something that everyone could understand. Picked Spanish. Revolt against the Spaniards.

Shift of Liberty

Liberty lost traditional definition of privileges of a distinct social class to right to resist arbitrary gov't

Magna Carta

Listed liberties for all free men (which was a restricted group at the time)

Council of the Indies

Main body in Spain for Spanish administration.

New Amsterdam

Main population center for the Dutch, controlled by the West India Company

Religious revivals

Many ministers were concerned that westward expansion, commercial development, the growth of Enlightenment rationalism, and lack of individual engagement in church services were undermining religious devotion; preached about God's anger

Ninety-Five Theses

Martin Luther's complaints against the corrupt Catholic Church (1517)

compass

Measures direction

quadrant

Measures direction

Jesuits

Missionary religious order that wanted to convert the indians to Christianity. Also allowed christians to receive some independence and most of their social structure.

Reason for Colonization

National Glory, imperial purpose, religion mission, and profit.

Aztec Empire

Native American cities in what is now Mexico

Aztecs

Native Americans who ruled the area that is now central to southern Mexico

1741 NYC Panic

New Yorkers worry that slaves planned to burn city leading to arrest of 150 blacks

Uprising of 1622

Once the Englishmen made it clear Virginia was more of a settlement than just a trading post, An uprising against the Virginia colony led by Powhatan's brother, Opechancanough, that wiped out a 1/4 of the settler population; the remaining settlers responded by massacring scores of Indians and devastating their villages. This enabled the colonists to retaliate and force indians out of their lands, more to the west. This destruction was the last experienced in Virginia before becoming the first royal colony 2 years later.

Governor Elections

Only CT and RI could elect their own governor; others colonies the governor was royally appointed

What does the Petition suggest about who should be entitled to the benefits of freedom in the American colonies?

Only those who are English, and place provisions on those who are foreigners.

Why does the document refer to "the rights of the free-born subjects of England"?

Penn created the Frame of Government in 1682.This document did not work too well. Then in 1701, came the Charter of Liberties. This document replaced Penn's Frame of Government. The Charter of Liberties provided religious tolerance, which was Penn's main goal. This document also promised the same rights as the free men of England. At the same time, this document only allowed Christians to hold government positions. This document also stated that an assembly should be elected every year. The assembly would consist of four people from each county. They would have the power to create laws according to the rights of free Englishmen.

Asiento

Permisson granted from Spain to Britain, instead of Dutch, to send enslaved Africans to Spain's American colonies in Treaty of Uteretch

mestizos

Persons of a mixed origin/race. By 1600 a large percantage of the Urban Population was this. Meaning that had some European, Some Native American.

"noble savages"

Phrase that refers to native americans by Europeans, how they were gentle and friendly and used land well, and also primitive

republicanism

Political theory in eighteenth-century England and America that celebrated active participation in public life by economically independent citizens as central to freedom.

Cecilius Calvert

Proprietor of Maryland; son of King Charles I; caused many wars because dislike for elected representation

John Winthrop

Puritan Massachusetts governor who argued there was a major distinction between... *"natural liberty," acting without restraint, which was a false idea of freedom that would lead to anarchy, vs. *"moral liberty," freedom to do things that are "good," which came with many restraints on speech, religion, and behavior

Antimonianism

Putting one's judgement/faith above human law & the Church

12. Roger Williams, Letter to the Town of Providence (1655) Q: IN what ways does Williams place limits on Liberty? Q: What are the strengths and weaknesses of William's analogy between civil society and a group of people aboard a ship?

Q: He did not advocate an "infinite liberty of conscience", his idea of liberty was that "no one should be forced to follow any particular religious belief, this did not lessen the requirement that all members of a community must obey the masters and officers in charge of civil matters." - so basically he didn't want people to be forced to follow a certain religion but he thought it necessary for society to function for members of society to obey all civil laws A: The strengths are that the ship allows for complete religious freedom among all mentioned religions. - He calls for justice, peace and sobriety Weakness: Religious freedom would not be okay on land to any groups outside of Christians. - You are not to question authority - "If any should rise up against their commanders and officers and officers; if any should preach or write that there ought to be no commanders or officers, because we are all equal in Christ, therefore no masters nor officers, no laws nor orders, nor corrections nor punishments, i Say , i never denied" But "the commander may judge, resist, compel and punish such transgressors according to their deserts and merits." He is allowing for questioning of authority, but at the same time saying it is bad.

John Woolman

Quaker abolitionist- "the idea of slavery being connected with the black color, and liberty with the white."

Oludah Equiano

Rare slave who survived middle passage and was sold 3 times; eventually freed; shows expansion of freedom and slavery in Britain and stereotypes of slavery

Society of Friends (Quakers)

Religious group in England and America whose members believed all persons possessed the "inner light" or spirit of God; they were early proponents of abolition of slavery and equal rights for women.

Country Party

Republican group who opposed corrupt British commonwealth gov't ; called for election of independent men and claimed England was losing virtue due to luxury and political manipulation; gained little support

American Enlightenment

Revolution in thought in the eighteenth century that emphasized reason and science over the authority of traditional religion.

Cromwell

Ruled from 1649 to 1658; undertook aggressive colonial expansion, promoted Protestantism, commercial empowerment

Mansa Musa

Ruler of Mali during which it was known for its great wealth. Found lots of gold

Maryland

Second Chesapeake/English Colony established in 1632. Was a Proprietary colony(given as a grant land/gov.authority to one certain individual: Cecilius Calvert) (he wanted no representation so conflict ensued) Since Calvert was a catholic, this became a refuge for persecuted Catholics from England. He wanted protestants/catholics to live in peace. 70% of men did not live past 50.

Northwest Passage

Seen as shortcut from Atlantic Ocean to Pacific, was the reason why france came over to America!

Dutch West India Company

Settled colonists on Manhattan Island, was a joint stock company

caravel

Ship capable of long distance travel

artisans

Skilled craftsmen.

Spanish and French Empire Development

Spain- thinly populated and weak economically but spread vastly throughout America and focused on Catholicism France- Some large colonies and sugar plantation esp in LA but prejudiced as place for delinquents

Spanish Empire

Spains Empire in the Americas. One of the first to try and colonize america.

Conquistadors

Spanish conquerors of the Americas "serving God and country," but also trying to get rich

presidios

Spanish military outposts in Texas.

Presidios

Spanish military outposts on the west coast primarily

coverture

Term meaning that women who married surrendered their legal rights to their husband.

What does John Hanner seem to mean when he calls America a "free country?"

That compared to his home country, they are able to have more opportunities and freedoms (not having to pay tithes, having an abundance of food, free to settle where he wants, religious freedom, etc.)

How does Pontiac understand the meaning of freedom?

That freedom is fighting for your right to exist in Independence.

What do the petitioners find objectionable about non-English immigrants to Pennsylvania?

That the English held more freedoms than the non-English migrants when it came to things such as land and trade.

What are the rebel's main complaints against the government of virginia?

That the government needs to lower the raised taxes that have been put upon them. They also demand that they get rid of the inhabitant Indians to make more room for the small farmers and indentured servants that were promised and need land.

enclosure movement

The 16th and 17th century process in which English landlords evicted small farmers and fenced in "commons" previously open to all. (subdue poor inhabitants)

What religious doctrine does Whitefield preach?

The Doctrine of Election

New York and the Indians

The English briefly held an alliance with the Five Nations known as the Covenant Chain, but by the end of the century the Five Nations adopted a policy of neutrality.

''middle ground''

The area between European empires and Indian sovereignty that contained intermixed villages of settlers and tribes.

''deference''

The assumption among ordinary people that wealth, education, and social prominence carried a right to public office.

sugar

The chief crop produced by slaves in the Western Hemisphere during the eighteenth century.

What elements of slavery does he seem to think will most outrage his readers?

The fact he was torn from his family, essentially taking a child from a parent which is the most cruel thing you could do.

What were the main sources of discord in early New England?

The main sources discord in early New England was disruptive religious controversies, relations with Native Americans. The languages and the constant wars between the Natives and Puritans, and the language differences caused them to have a bad relationship with each other.

Iroquois Confederacy

The most powerful native American group in the Ohio Valley since the 1640', that was able to remain aloof from both the British and the French. This group consisted of five Indian nations: the Mohawk, Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, and Oneida. These nations formed a defensive alliance in the fifteenth century. The Iroquois were able to maintain their autonomy by avoiding a close relationship with the English or the French. They traded successfully with both groups and played them against each other, as a direct result of this they maintained power in the Great Lakes region.

Atlantic slave trade

The systematic importation of African slaves from their native continent across the Atlantic Ocean to the New World, largely fuelled by rising demand for sugar, rice, coffee, and tobacco.

What do these advertisements tell us about relations between slaves and servants?

They were able to identify with one another, and worked together to obtain the freedom they wanted.

The Native Americans of New England Thomas Morton 1637

Thomas Morton was an early leader of a community at Mount Wollaston, Massachusetts, founded in 1625. Morton provides a descriptive account of the Native Americans around the English settlement, and he includes his opinions about the Indians' homes, trade relations, society, and religion. Morton depicts the Indians' religion as witchcraft and devil correspondence. He says they have no religion, law, or king, yet they believe in God. He also describes them as very practical people who share everything and are less materialistic. "They are not delighted in baubles, but in useful things."

Separatists

Those who separated from the Church of England and made their own churches

How does it appear that people in Europe learn about conditions in America?

Through what they are being told by their families and their own experiences with it.

How did the tobacco economy draw the Chesapeake colonies into the greater Atlantic world?

Tobacco was in high demand in Europe, so the tobacco planters got rich selling it across the Atlantic ocean

Bacon's Rebellion

Unsuccessful 1676 revolt led by planter Nathaniel Bacon against Virginia governor William Berkeley's administration because of governmental corruption and because Berkeley had failed to protect settlers from Indian raids and did not allow them to occupy Indian lands.

two colonies closest tied to England

VA and MD b/c exported crops, imported goods, close politics

How public and regular does the trade in indentured servants appear to be from his account?

Very public and known commonly. The fact that he is able to know so much about the trade without being in Pennsylvania long implies this practice must have been very common.

freedom of the press

Viewed as dangerous by both American and European governments.

First Royal Colony

Virginia

Chesapeake colonies

Virginia & Maryland

John Smith

Virginia Company leader who used rigorous military discipline to hold the Jamestown colony together

headright system

Virginia Company policy awarding 50 acres of land to anyone who bought passage to America

Tobacco Producing Colonies that demanded cheap labor

Virginia and Maryland

Robert Carter III

Virginia planter and slave owner who freed the 500 people from his plantation after Great Awakenings

Pequot War

War of Massachusetts + Connecticut soldiers vs. the brutal Pequot tribe, wiped out the entire tribe (1637)

Pequot War

War that broke out in 1637 after a colonial fur trader was killed by the Pequot's, an Indian tribe. A force b/w Conneticut and Massachusetts was sent to kill the main village at mystic and succeeded, killing over 500 m/w/c

Jeremiads

Warnings that things such as crop failure and disease were God's disapproval

How was social status shifted when tobacco was introduced?

Wealthy gentry were now at the top, former indentured servants who managed to get land in the middle, and landless indetured servants/ servants at the bottom

Does the author think that the institution of monarchy is incompatible with freedom?

Yes, it doesn't allow people to complain or hold their own values and opinions. It keeps them down as slaves and takes away "The Natural Rights of Mankind."

Zenger Trials

Zenger was a German American newspaper publisher and printer. Assailed corrupt royal governor. Charged with seditious libel. Argued that had printed truth. Not Guilty. Implanted ideas of free expression esp of trut

The Customs and Beliefs of the Hurons Father Jean de Brébeuf 1635

With its small white population and emphasis on the fur trade, New France depended on friendly relations with the Native Americans.The Jesuits, a missionary religious order, sought to convert Indians to Catholicism. Jean de Brébeuf was a Jesuit missionary to the Huron people in Quebec, and he describes their religious beliefs, marriage customs, and gender relations, and he describes his efforts at conversion. Brébeuf appreciates that the Indians have only one wife and that they do not marry relatives, yet they change husbands and wives too frequently. He says the Huron have religious beliefs where they do not distinguish between good and evil, heaven and hell, virtue and corruption. He notes a great love and union among the Indians, and he alludes to their selflessness and remarkable hospitality. Of his conversion efforts, he describes their method of conversion and then states that he is thankful for their health and the ability to help others.

Two Treatises of Government

Written by John Locke around 1680, but became largely influential in the next century. He wrote on the principles of government, the social contract between man and government, and the natural rights of man.

Neolin

a Delaware religious prophet who was told by the Master of Life to reject European technology; Indians could regain freedom if they cooperated under a single identity; helped spur rebellion

Magna Carta

agreement in England between King John and land barons that listed a series of "liberties" granted by the king to all the "freeborn" in the kingdom (1215)

Printing Press

allowed for spread of news/political commentary and growth of literacy in colonies; Library Company of Philadelphia and Boston New were first library and newpapers

Great League of Peace

an alliance of 5 Iroquois tribes in colonial New York and Pennsylvania that brought stability to the area (1500s)

Indigo

another staple crop developed in Carolina that required large scale cultivation like rice

Liberalism and Republicanism

both inspire constitutional gov't , limit despotic power, emphasize security of property, and transported to America

18th century American Voting

broad suffrage for landowning men meant more people could vote than in Britain; hardly democratic since women, blacks, and indentured servants couldnt vote

George Whitefield

brought preaching to colonies about God being merciful; inspired dissenting churches; condemned by newspapers

métis

children of marriages between Indian women and French traders and officials

indentured servants

colonists who voluntarily gave up their freedom for 5-7 years in exchange for passage to America

Great Awakening Impact

commercial society criticized; rich planters criticized for sinful behavior; slavery criticized;encouraged independent frame of mind

Maroons

communities of fugitive slaves in Jamaica that waged warfare and won their freedom

Seditious libel

crime of defaming colonial officials

Act Concerning Religion (or Maryland Toleration Act)

declared all Christians in Maryland were guaranteed the "free exercise" of religion (did not apply to non-Christians)

market economy

economy that relies on market forces to allocate goods and resources and to determine prices

Guns effect on slavery

encouraged slavery b/c only way for Africans to get guns is give slaves so rich African societies such as Ashanti and Dahomey grew

enclosure movement

expanding of farms in England by evicting small farmers and "enclosing" them all together as one (rude!)

Race in Cheapeake

free and white become identical; free blacks barred from voting and required to be sent out of colony; VA governor tells lords of trades that complexity ought to distinguish individuals

Limit of Freedom of Speech

freedom of speech not for ordinary citizen; gov't often regulated newspapers

Great Migration

from 1629-1642, 21,000 Puritans arrived in Massachusetts

Language of Liberty

not only did political nation speak language of liberty in Britain so too did laborers, sailors, common people

Deference

ingrained tradition among ordinary people that those with wealth, education, and social prominence deserve to hold office

Effects of British War with French

large military, high taxes, creation of bank of England, sharpened sense of nationalism ("God Save the King" and "Rule Britannia")

Chesapeake hierarchy due to slavery

large planter, numerous lesser planters/ yeomen, convicts, indentured servants, tenant farmer, slaves; consolidated social elite

haciendas

large-scale farms controlled by Spanish landlords

caravels

long-distance ships, which allowed for sea routes to India around the southern tip of Africa

Effect of war on Indians

lost their freedom and autonomy; could no longer be diploatic since British dominated the east and owned all the land;

Dower rights

married woman is given 1/3 of her husbands property if widowed.

African American Culture in the North

more mobility and access to mainstream life; performed tribal dances; less families

"Balanced Constitution" Principle

no man not even the king is above the law; led to checks and balances b/w House of Common, House Lords, and king

Roanoke colony

one of many early failed British colonies *100 settlers who all disappeared without a trace

creoles

persons of European ancestry born in the Spanish colonies

mestizos

persons of mixed origin (Spanish + Indian) in the Spanish colonies

indentured servant

persons who surrendered their freedom for (5-7) years in debt to their passage to the new world. (2/3 of English settlers) Definition A settler who signed on for a temporary period of servitude to a master in exchange for passage to the New World; Virginia and Pennsylvania were largely peopled in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries by English and German indentured servants.

Task system

plantation run by slave overseers; slave assigned daily jobs which allowed for leisure time

liberalism

political philosophy that emphasized the protection of liberty by limiting the power of government to interfere with the natural rights of citizens

Virginia Company

private business organization whose shareholders included merchants, aristocrats, and members of Parliament; sponsored the 1607 founding of Jamestown, the first permanent English settlement in the present-day United States.

New York harbor, MA, Rhode Island

profited from slave trade even though limited slavery in colonies b/c shipping of slaves

Powhatan

prominent Indian Leader in the original area of English Settlement in Virginia (Pocahontas father)

1731 French novel Manon is based on

prostitute punished by being sent to Lousiana showing popular view of French colonies as a bad place for convicts

Office holding in colonies

qualifications often required large sums of land; often wealthiest just elected

Reasonables of Christianity

religious belief should rest on science

repartimiento system

residents of Indian villages remained legally free, but were still required to perform a fixed amount of labor each year

Landon Carter

rich planter who prided self in whipping his slave

patroons

shareholders who agreed to transport tenants for agricultural labor, were given large estates by Dutch West Trading Company

Effect of War on PA

shattered PA rule of Quaker elite (they were pacifists and resiged) b/c colonists demanded westward expansion and ended their alliance w/ Indians

Public sphere

the world of political organization and debate independent of gov't; expanded in 18th century

Slavery in the North

slaves were a minority and mostly served as farms hand and personal servants

African American Culture in South

spoke Gullah- mix of African roots-, created families, created african houses, much more autonomous, harsher lives

Captivity narratives

stories of people captured by enemies whom they generally consider "uncivilized"

captivity narratives

stories written by colonists who had been captured by Indians, used to counteract the attraction of Indian life

Uprising of 1622

surprise attack by Indian leader Powhatan in Virginia, killed 300 colonists (1622)

reconquista

the "reconquest" of Spain when the Spaniards defeated by Moors (African Muslims)

Walking Purchase

the Lenni Lanape Indians agreed to give up land that a man could walk in thirty-six hours. Pennsylvania Governor James Logan then acquired a large tract of land by hiring runners to mark land. (1737) (not cool!)

House of Burgesses

the first elected assembly in colonial America (1619)

Columbian Exchange

the flow across the Atlantic (during the time of Columbus's voyages) of goods and people (1492-1500)

viceroys

the governor of a country, province, or colony who rules as the representative of the sovereign.

Black Legend

the image of Spain as a brutal and exploitative colonizer.

Pueblo Revolt

the one and only complete victory of Native Americans over European settlers. (1680 in New Mexico)

The Seven Year's War

war against French, Indians, and French that was prompted by the Ohio Company demanding French recognition of land claim in Ohio Valley; battle for imperial domination; British were losing the first two years but eventually won with the help of Austria and Prussia

Puratinism

was a religious reform movement that arose within the Church of England in the late sixteenth century.

Charles Hansford

white VA blacksmith whose poem describes slaves desire to reenjoy life in Africa

dower rights

wife's claim to 1/3 of her husband's property if he died before she did

Poor Richard's Almanack

written by Ben Franklin showing influence of enlightenment

Which aspects of the situation of the German immigrants seems most offensive to Mittelberger?

• Ships terrible, crowded, smelt, little food and water • Unsanitary, sea sick, actually sick • Appears very public and regular people who can pay leave after that they wait as if they are being sold