chapter 1 homework connect

During transcription, the DNA sequence of a gene is copied into a sequence of ______.

RNA

The two chromosomes in a homologous pair contain ______.

copies of the same genes, which may or may not be identical alleles

In cells, small organic molecules serve as building blocks for the synthesis of larger molecules and provide the ______ required to drive cellular processes.

energy

True or false: A pair of homologous chromosomes always contains identical alleles of the same genes.

false

True or false: All gene mutations that have an effect on a cell or organism alter the structure and function of the protein encoded by the gene.

false

During sexual reproduction, the process in which gametes unite to restore the diploid number of chromosomes is called _____

fertilization

Sperm and egg cells are also called ______.

gametes

When a structural gene is expressed, its DNA sequence is ____ into RNA, which is then _____ to produce a polypeptide.

transcribed, translated

The synthesis of a polypeptide based on the nucleotide sequence of a messenger RNA molecule is called _____

translation

True or false: An organism's environment can affect its morphological and physiological traits.

true

The term diploid means that a cell or organism has ______.

two copies of every chromosome

Differences in inherited traits among individuals within a population are referred to as genetic _______

variation

What are somatic cells?

Cells that are not involved in sexual reproduction

You are trying to solve a genetics problem that asks you to determine how two proteins differ from one another. Which problem-solving strategy would be most helpful for this question?

Compare and contrast

A gene can be described as a unit of heredity or as a segment of ______ that produces a functional product.

DNA

The abbreviation for deoxyribonucleic acid is

DNA

The genetic variation among individuals within a population can be explained by differences in the sequence of ______

DNA

What is the genetic material of all living organisms composed of?

DNA

Place the molecules produced when a gene is expressed in the correct sequence beginning with the gene.

DNA mRNA Protein

Which of the following are genomic alterations that may induce genetic variation?

Gene mutations

What is the proteome?

The complete set of proteins that a cell makes at a given time

What structures in a cell contain DNA?

chromosomes

The branch of biology that deals with heredity and variation is ____.

genetics

Transcription and translation lead to gene expression at the ______ level. The evolution of beneficial traits that enhance reproductive success is an example of how genetics affects a species at the ______ level.

molecular; population

A macromolecule is best described as a ______.

molecule composed of repeating units of smaller building blocks

The color of a butterfly, such as the ones shown here, is an example of a(n) ______ trait.

morphological trait

Changes in the nucleotide sequence of a single gene that result in two or more alleles for that gene are called gene ____

mutation

Changes in the nucleotide sequence of a single gene that result in two or more alleles for that gene are called gene _____

mutations

A gene is a segment of DNA that produces a functional product, which is usually a(n) _______, or as a unit of heredity that affects an organism's _______.

protein, traits

The four categories of large organic molecules that are found in cells are nucleic acids, lipids, carbohydrates, and _____.

proteins

In the genetic code, how many nucleotides are necessary to specify one amino acid?

3

In the genetic code, there are 64 codons consisting of ________ nucleotide(s) each that specify the 20 different amino acids. (Your answer will be a number).

3

Adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine are nitrogen-containing bases found in ______.

DNA

Which of the following molecules are nucleic acids?

DNA and RNA

Where are the chromosomes located in a eukaryotic cell?

In the nucleus

What is the main function of a cell's genetic material?

It encodes proteins.

What type of RNA contains the information required to synthesize a protein?

Messenger RNA

The four different categories of large organic molecules found within cells are ______.

Proteins. Nucleic Acids. Carbohydrates. Lipids.

What is translation?

The synthesis of a polypeptide based on the sequence of mRNA

What is gene expression?

The use of a gene sequence to affect the characteristics of a cell or organism.

What are the roles of organic molecules in cells?

They are the building blocks for the synthesis of larger molecules. They provide energy for cellular processes.

What are the four nitrogen-containing bases found in the nucleotides that make up DNA?

Thymine Cytosine Guanine Adenine

Alternative versions of the same gene are called

alleles

The genetic code directs the order of ______ within a polypeptide based on the sequence of nucleotides within a DNA molecule.

amino acids

In living cells, DNA is found in large structures called _____ which are contained in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell.

chromosomes

A cell or organism that contains two copies of every chromosome is said to be _____

diploid

In a human cell, the DNA of each chromosome is ______.

double-stranded and linear

An organism's traits can be affected by its genes and also by its ____

environment

Most genes contain the information to direct the synthesis of a polypeptide. The order of amino acids in the polypeptide is specified according to the ____ code

genetic

The term that describes all of the DNA found in all of an organism's chromosomes is ______.

genome

A cell that contains a single set of chromosomes is called _____

haploid

Genetics is the branch of biology that deals with ______.

heredity and variation

In a diploid organism, the two copies of a chromosome are referred to as ______.

homologs

The DNA of human chromosomes is ______.

linear, double-stranded, long

A large molecule that is composed of repeating units of smaller building blocks is called a(n) _____.

macromolecule

Genetic variation can be attributed to gene _______ that affect the sequence of a single gene or alterations in the structure or total number of _______

mutations, chromosomes

In a eukaryotic cell, the _____ is surrounded by a double membrane that protects the chromosomes from the rest of the cellular components.

nucleus

A cell that is haploid contains ______ set(s) of chromosomes.

one

A gene is a segment of DNA that produces a functional product, which is usually a(n) _____ or as a unit of heredity that affects an organism's _______.

polypeptide, characteristics

Gene mutations can affect the traits of an organism because they can alter the expression or function of the _____ encoded by the gene.

protein

The primary function of DNA is to code for the production of

proteins

The complete set of proteins that a cell makes at a given time is called its _____.

proteome

RNA stands for

ribonucleic acid

In a multicellular organism, cells that are not directly involved in sexual reproduction are called _____ cells

somatic

An organism's genome consists of ______.

the DNA found in all of its chromosomes

The process by which a DNA sequence is copied into an RNA sequence is called ____

transcription

True or false: All living organisms have genetic material composed of DNA.

true

What is a gene mutation?

A change in the base pair sequence of a gene

The information in a(n) ______ molecule is stored in the sequence of its nucleotide bases.

DNA/RNA

What underlies the majority of the genetic variation among individuals within a population?

Differences in the nucleotide sequence of DNA

What are alleles?

Different forms of a gene

What is the difference between hypothesis testing and discovery-based science?

Discovery-based science does not require a preconceived hypothesis.

Changes in the genetic makeup of a population from one generation to the next represent _____.

evolution

The process of using a gene sequence to affect the characteristics of cells and organisms is called gene ______.

expression

Genetic variation describes differences in ______.

inherited traits among individuals within a population

In a DNA molecule, information is contained in the sequence of ______.

nitrogenous bases

Both DNA and RNA are ______ acids.

nucleic

A DNA molecule is a linear sequence of subunits called _____

nucleotides

DNA is made of ______.

nucleotides

The building blocks of DNA are called

nucleotides

What are the subunits of DNA?

nucleotides

The union of gametes at fertilization restores ______.

the diploid number of chromosomes