chapter 1 homework connect
During transcription, the DNA sequence of a gene is copied into a sequence of ______.
RNA
The two chromosomes in a homologous pair contain ______.
copies of the same genes, which may or may not be identical alleles
In cells, small organic molecules serve as building blocks for the synthesis of larger molecules and provide the ______ required to drive cellular processes.
energy
True or false: A pair of homologous chromosomes always contains identical alleles of the same genes.
false
True or false: All gene mutations that have an effect on a cell or organism alter the structure and function of the protein encoded by the gene.
false
During sexual reproduction, the process in which gametes unite to restore the diploid number of chromosomes is called _____
fertilization
Sperm and egg cells are also called ______.
gametes
When a structural gene is expressed, its DNA sequence is ____ into RNA, which is then _____ to produce a polypeptide.
transcribed, translated
The synthesis of a polypeptide based on the nucleotide sequence of a messenger RNA molecule is called _____
translation
True or false: An organism's environment can affect its morphological and physiological traits.
true
The term diploid means that a cell or organism has ______.
two copies of every chromosome
Differences in inherited traits among individuals within a population are referred to as genetic _______
variation
What are somatic cells?
Cells that are not involved in sexual reproduction
You are trying to solve a genetics problem that asks you to determine how two proteins differ from one another. Which problem-solving strategy would be most helpful for this question?
Compare and contrast
A gene can be described as a unit of heredity or as a segment of ______ that produces a functional product.
DNA
The abbreviation for deoxyribonucleic acid is
DNA
The genetic variation among individuals within a population can be explained by differences in the sequence of ______
DNA
What is the genetic material of all living organisms composed of?
DNA
Place the molecules produced when a gene is expressed in the correct sequence beginning with the gene.
DNA mRNA Protein
Which of the following are genomic alterations that may induce genetic variation?
Gene mutations
What is the proteome?
The complete set of proteins that a cell makes at a given time
What structures in a cell contain DNA?
chromosomes
The branch of biology that deals with heredity and variation is ____.
genetics
Transcription and translation lead to gene expression at the ______ level. The evolution of beneficial traits that enhance reproductive success is an example of how genetics affects a species at the ______ level.
molecular; population
A macromolecule is best described as a ______.
molecule composed of repeating units of smaller building blocks
The color of a butterfly, such as the ones shown here, is an example of a(n) ______ trait.
morphological trait
Changes in the nucleotide sequence of a single gene that result in two or more alleles for that gene are called gene ____
mutation
Changes in the nucleotide sequence of a single gene that result in two or more alleles for that gene are called gene _____
mutations
A gene is a segment of DNA that produces a functional product, which is usually a(n) _______, or as a unit of heredity that affects an organism's _______.
protein, traits
The four categories of large organic molecules that are found in cells are nucleic acids, lipids, carbohydrates, and _____.
proteins
In the genetic code, how many nucleotides are necessary to specify one amino acid?
3
In the genetic code, there are 64 codons consisting of ________ nucleotide(s) each that specify the 20 different amino acids. (Your answer will be a number).
3
Adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine are nitrogen-containing bases found in ______.
DNA
Which of the following molecules are nucleic acids?
DNA and RNA
Where are the chromosomes located in a eukaryotic cell?
In the nucleus
What is the main function of a cell's genetic material?
It encodes proteins.
What type of RNA contains the information required to synthesize a protein?
Messenger RNA
The four different categories of large organic molecules found within cells are ______.
Proteins. Nucleic Acids. Carbohydrates. Lipids.
What is translation?
The synthesis of a polypeptide based on the sequence of mRNA
What is gene expression?
The use of a gene sequence to affect the characteristics of a cell or organism.
What are the roles of organic molecules in cells?
They are the building blocks for the synthesis of larger molecules. They provide energy for cellular processes.
What are the four nitrogen-containing bases found in the nucleotides that make up DNA?
Thymine Cytosine Guanine Adenine
Alternative versions of the same gene are called
alleles
The genetic code directs the order of ______ within a polypeptide based on the sequence of nucleotides within a DNA molecule.
amino acids
In living cells, DNA is found in large structures called _____ which are contained in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell.
chromosomes
A cell or organism that contains two copies of every chromosome is said to be _____
diploid
In a human cell, the DNA of each chromosome is ______.
double-stranded and linear
An organism's traits can be affected by its genes and also by its ____
environment
Most genes contain the information to direct the synthesis of a polypeptide. The order of amino acids in the polypeptide is specified according to the ____ code
genetic
The term that describes all of the DNA found in all of an organism's chromosomes is ______.
genome
A cell that contains a single set of chromosomes is called _____
haploid
Genetics is the branch of biology that deals with ______.
heredity and variation
In a diploid organism, the two copies of a chromosome are referred to as ______.
homologs
The DNA of human chromosomes is ______.
linear, double-stranded, long
A large molecule that is composed of repeating units of smaller building blocks is called a(n) _____.
macromolecule
Genetic variation can be attributed to gene _______ that affect the sequence of a single gene or alterations in the structure or total number of _______
mutations, chromosomes
In a eukaryotic cell, the _____ is surrounded by a double membrane that protects the chromosomes from the rest of the cellular components.
nucleus
A cell that is haploid contains ______ set(s) of chromosomes.
one
A gene is a segment of DNA that produces a functional product, which is usually a(n) _____ or as a unit of heredity that affects an organism's _______.
polypeptide, characteristics
Gene mutations can affect the traits of an organism because they can alter the expression or function of the _____ encoded by the gene.
protein
The primary function of DNA is to code for the production of
proteins
The complete set of proteins that a cell makes at a given time is called its _____.
proteome
RNA stands for
ribonucleic acid
In a multicellular organism, cells that are not directly involved in sexual reproduction are called _____ cells
somatic
An organism's genome consists of ______.
the DNA found in all of its chromosomes
The process by which a DNA sequence is copied into an RNA sequence is called ____
transcription
True or false: All living organisms have genetic material composed of DNA.
true
What is a gene mutation?
A change in the base pair sequence of a gene
The information in a(n) ______ molecule is stored in the sequence of its nucleotide bases.
DNA/RNA
What underlies the majority of the genetic variation among individuals within a population?
Differences in the nucleotide sequence of DNA
What are alleles?
Different forms of a gene
What is the difference between hypothesis testing and discovery-based science?
Discovery-based science does not require a preconceived hypothesis.
Changes in the genetic makeup of a population from one generation to the next represent _____.
evolution
The process of using a gene sequence to affect the characteristics of cells and organisms is called gene ______.
expression
Genetic variation describes differences in ______.
inherited traits among individuals within a population
In a DNA molecule, information is contained in the sequence of ______.
nitrogenous bases
Both DNA and RNA are ______ acids.
nucleic
A DNA molecule is a linear sequence of subunits called _____
nucleotides
DNA is made of ______.
nucleotides
The building blocks of DNA are called
nucleotides
What are the subunits of DNA?
nucleotides
The union of gametes at fertilization restores ______.
the diploid number of chromosomes