Chapter 1: Nutrition LS
true or false: vitamins provide usable calories for the body
false
lipids contain *blank* calories per gram than carbohydrates
more
alkaloids
stimulant effects
problems associated with irrigation systems include
water runoff can carry away topsoil; pesticides from runoff can pollute waterways
the alteration of a plant or animal's hereditary material is called
bioengineering
a specific way that people can change their eating habits in order to improve their health is to
eat fewer salty foods
essential nutrients
iron; glucose; water
*blank* is the study of how the body uses nutrients
nutrition
choose the food that is energy dense but provides some nutrition
nuts
the endosperm is mostly
starch
all of the following statements about food and supplements are true except
a good supplement can adequately replace a diet filled with a variety of whole foods
medical nutrition therapies are
diets prescribed by physicians for chronic health conditions
almost 50 nutrients are considered
essential
the body gets nutrients from
food
a centimeter is
one hundredth of a meter
choose factors that are most likely to influence food choices
peers; mood; religious beliefs
what does the scientific study of nutrition include?
the chemicals necessary for body functioning; how the body uses nutrients; nutrients
common usage aside, which of the following statements are technically accurate?
1 kilocalorie = 1 Calorie; i kilocalorie = 1000 calories
the top two leading causes of death to Americans are
heart disease; cancer
who has more body weight?
men
what is the kilocalorie difference between one gram of fat and one gram of carbohydrate?
5 kcal
which of the following best described a kilocalorie?
a unit describing the energy content of food
which term best describes a person's usual pattern of food choices
diet
how many kcal per gram do lipids contain?
9
lipids contain *blank* kcal per gram
9
choose the statements about alcohol that are true
alcohol is not a nutrient; pure alcohol furnishes about 7 kcal/gram; alcohol provides energy
no specific food contains *blank* the nutrients needed by the body
all of
if a vitamin, amino acid, herb, or mineral is solid, it is considered a *blank* supplement
dietary
lifestyle is a person's way of living that includes
dietary practices; use of drugs; physical activity habits
vitamins, minerals, water, and amino acids are all examples of
essential nutrients
most foods contain a mixture of
fat; carbs; protein
*blank* is the total of all chemical processes that occur in living cells
metabolism
examples of foods that are nutrient dense and energy dense are
nuts; peanut butter; whole milk
which of the following would be considered a risk factor for a chronic disease?
obesity; physical inactivity; genetic background; smoking
purpose of UNICEF is to
provide high-quality food for undernourished populations
which of the following statements are true?
to eat well, we need to learn the effects nutrition has on our health; humans have no internal drive that motivates us to choose a healthy diet
choose the contents of "Plumpy'nut," a nutrient dense paste made for undernourished children in developing countries
vitamins and minerals; oil and sugar; peanuts; powdered milk
to increase the volume of infant formula, parents of children in poor countries will give their children formula diluted with
water
which nutrient comprises the largest percentage of the body of a healthy man or woman?
water
which of the following foods would be considered a provider of empty calories?
sugar-sweetened soft drinks; pastries; alcohol
which of the following statements are true about the best way to get nutrients and phytochemicals in your diet?
base your diet on a variety of "whole" and minimally processed foods
which of the following are the major classes of nutrients?
lipids; carbs; water
the prefix that means 1/1000 is
milli (0.001)
beta-carotene, lutein, and lycopene are examples of phytochemicals that may
reduce the risk of certain cancers and reduce the risk of macular degeneration
which of the following is the deficiency disease caused by a lack of vitamin C?
scurvy
how many kilocalories are in one gram of alcohol?
seven
the most likely time for the possibility of nutrient toxicity to become a concern would be when
taking a megadose of a vitamin or supplement
choose the correct statements about genetically modified crop9s
there is no scientific evidence that genetically modified crops are harmful to the environment; there is no scientific evidence that indicates genetically modified crops are unsafe for humans to consume
which statements are true when comparing nutrient composition in the bodies of men and women?
they have similar amounts of carbs, minerals, and vitamins
true or false: nuts are an example of a food that is energy dense but does not contain empty calories
true
poor eating habits contribute to the development of
type 2 diabetes; some types of cancer; heart disease; excess body fat
it is difficult to keep up with new information on nutrition science, often confusing the public, because
what we learn is constantly evolving; recommendations undergo revisions when new evidence is revealed; we expect medical experts to have definitive answers that do not change
bioengineering techniques involve specific methods that directly change an animal or plant's
DNA
the study of the composition and characteristics of matter and changes that can happen to it is called
chemistry
the effects of malnutrition can be devastating on the following stages of rapid growth
childhood; pregnancy; infancy
how is a disease classified when a disease takes many years to develop and has complex causes?
chronic
carbs, proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals, and water are all
classes of nutrients
dietary moderation can be achieved by
consuming food in reasonable amounts; obtaining nutrients from the food one eats
potential problems associated with undernutrition during pregnancy include
death of mother; premature births
what occurs when an essential nutrient is missing from the diet?
deficiency disease will occur
which of the following are examples of risk factors?
heredity; smoking; nutritional habits
true or false: all foods have nutritional value
true
true or false: on a food label, a Calorie is really a kilocalorie
true
soft drinks are considered empty calorie foods, but even sugar sweetened soft drinks provide
water; energy
what term describes the amount of a nutrient that is within the range of safe intake and enables the body to function optimally?
physiological dose
water function
regulation of body temperature, elimination of wastes, and transportation of substances
a kilogram equals 1000 grams or about *blank* pounds
2.2
what constant is used to convert inches to centimeters?
2.54 cm
minerals function
regulation fo fluid balance, formation of certain chemical messengers, structural and functional components of various substances and tissues
how much of a nutrient needs to be consumed for it to be considered a megadose?
the amount of a vitamin or mineral that greatly exceeds the recommended amount of the nutrient
additional ways to solve some problems created by conventional agriculture methods are to
eat less meat; use irrigation systems that drip water to the plant base
nutrient toxicity may result from
eating large amounts of foods that are fortified; taking megadoses of a supplement
what term describes a food or beverage that is a poor source of micronutrients in relation to its energy value?
empty-calorie
lipids function
energy source and necessary for the absorption of certain vitamins
households that include members that worry about running out of food or not having enough money to buy food are considered
food insecure
in developing countries, poor sanitation and the lack of clean cooking and drinking water cause
majority of all diseases
what are the circumstances that will motivate a person to improve ingrained food-related behaviors?
motivated to improve health; desire to gain/lose weight
carotenoids
reduced risk of certain cancers and macular degeneration
what is produces when a wheat kernel is stripped of its nutrient-rich germ and bran?
white flour
by eating a variety of nutrient-dense foods you are likely to
eat a safe amount of each nutrient; obtain adequate amounts of the nutrients your body needs
the major role of carbs is to provide the body with
energy
factors that influence food choices include
flavor; education; advertising
which circumstances increase a person's chances of undernutrition in the US
living in poverty; anorexia nervosa; chronic alcoholism
babies born to mothers undernourished during their pregnancy may suffer from
low birth weight
vitamins function
maintenance of immune function, production and maintenance of tissues, and protection against agents that can damage cellular components
glycosides
may kill certain microbes
supplements may
not contain phytochemicals; include nutrients that may be less available than those in food; not contain all the nutrients needed by the human body
what term describes a food or beverage that has more vitamins and minerals in relation to its energy value?
nutrient-dense
the amount of a nutrient that allows the body to function optimally is called the *blank* dose
physiological
choose the statements that are true about essential nutrients
the body does not make enough of the nutrient to meet the body's needs or does not make the nutrient; essential nutrients must be supplied by food
breast milk is considered the best food for young infants because
it is sanitary; it provides immunity; it is nutritionally adequate
special diets prescribed for people with chronic health conditions are called
medical nutrition therapies
what system of measurement is used in nutrition?
metric
consuming reasonable amounts of food while obtaining enough nutrients from food is defined as dietary
moderations
humans *blank*
need to learn about the nutritional value of food to eat well; need to learn about the effects of food on their health to eat well
pellagra is a vitamin deficiency disease caused by a risk of
niacin
what classes provide the body with energy?
proteins; carbs; lipids
the term used to describe farming methods that meet the demand for more food without depleting natural resources and harming the environment is called *blank* agriculture
sustainable
complaints that are difficult to measure such as dizziness, fatigue, and headache are
symptoms
which definition below describes a milligram?
1/1000 of a gram
choose the chronic diseases in which dietary factors contribute to the disease's development
kidney disease; stroke; Alzheimer's disease; cancer
compared to the past, today's typical American consumes
less red meat, milk, and eggs; more fish, cheese, and poultry; more refined products
by making certain changes, a person may
lessen the severity of a disease; forestall the development of certain diseases
a food with 120 kcal from protein, has about *blank* grams of protein
120/4 = 30 kcal
choose the objectives that are set by Healthy People 2030 for Nutrition and Weight Status
increase fruit intake among people who are 2 years of age and older; reduce the proportion of obese adults; increase whole grain intake among people who are 2 years of age and older
reducing one's risk for heart disease and/or cancer can be achieved by
limiting alcohol intake; avoiding tobacco exposure; maintaining a healthy weight
which of the following nutrients function by regulating body processes and providing energy for the body?
lipids; proteins
organosulfides
antioxidant effects, may improve immune system functioning
which of the following protects cells and their components from being damaged or destroyed by exposure to certain environmental and internal factors?
antioxidants
which of the following are the key features of essential nutrient?
reintroduction of the nutrient after a deficiency disease develops will resolve the disease; the nutrient's role in the body can be explained by scientists; a deficiency disease occurs if the nutrient is missing from the diet
a cell is the name of the *blank* living functional unit in an organism
smallest
to achieve nutritional adequacy one should consume a variety of foods from the following food groups
whole grains; fruits and vegetables
what is the kilocalorie content of a food that provides 7 grams fat, 4 grams carbohydrate, and 3 grams protein?
91 kcal
the body breaks food down into *blank* such as carbs, fat and protein
nutrients
which statements are true when comparing nutrient composition in the bodies of men and women?
women have less water and protein and more fat
finding a solution to the world food crisis is a purpose of
UNICEF