chapter 1 practice questions

The study of how hormones function is called __________.

Endocrinology

Metabolism is the sum of all __________ __________ change.

internal and chemical

We can see through bones with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

true

The terms physics, physiology, and physician come from a term that __________ proposed to distinguish natural causes from supernatural causes.

Aristotle

The species of modern humans is called _________.

Homo sapiens

Which of the following would contain the greatest amount of information that scientists consider to be true to the best of their knowledge

a theory

DNA is an example of an __________, whereas PET scan is an example of an _________.

abbreviation and acronym

The term fallopian tube (uterine tube) is an example of __________.

an eponym

The study of normal body structures is called __________.

anatomy

Most primates are ________________, meaning they live in trees.

arboreal

The fact that most of us have five lumbar vertebrae, but some people have six and some have four, is an example of ____________ variation among organisms.

atomical

A surgeon needs to be familiar with different versions of anatomy. This is because of the phenomenon of _____.

atomical variation

The plural of axilla (armpit) is ____________, whereas the plural of appendix is ___________.

axillae and appendices

The prefix hypo- means _______________, whereas hyper- means _____________.

below and above

The lexicon of standard international anatomical terms is __________.

called terminologia Anatomica (TA)

_________________ are the simplest body structures considered alive.

cells

Two groups of people were tested to determine whether garlic lowers blood cholesterol levels. One group was given 800 mg of garlic powder daily for four months and exhibited an average 12% reduction in the blood cholesterol. The other group was not given any garlic and after four months averaged a 3% reduction in cholesterol. The group that was not given the garlic was the __________ group.

control

The study of the structure and function of cells is called ___________.

cytology

Stereoscopic vision provides __________.

depth perception

What type of gradient cause the movement of ions due to both charge and concentration differences?

electrochemical gradient

Hypercalcemia means _________.

elevated calcium levels in blood

All of the following are human organ systems except ___________.

epidermal

A change in the genetic composition of a population over time is called __________.

evolution

The constant appearance of new strains of influenza virus is an example of __________.

evolution

A molecule of water is more complex than a mitochondrion (organelle).

false

An individual scientific fact has more information than a theory

false

Feeling for swollen lymph nodes is an example of auscultation.

false

Histology is the study of structures that can be observed without a magnifying lens.

false

Homeostasis and occupying space are both unique characteristics of living things.

false

Negative feedback is a self-amplifying chain of events that tends to produce rapid change in the body.

false

Positive feedback helps to restore normal function when one of the body's physiological variables gets out of balance.

false

The terms development and evolution have the same meaning in physiology.

false

The most influential medical textbook of the ancient era was written by __________.

galen

Who was a physician to the Roman gladiators, learned by dissection of animals, and saw science as a method of discovery?

galen

A physiological __________ is a difference in chemical concentration, electrical charge, physical pressure, temperature, or other variables between one point and another.

gradient

Modern anatomical language is based on _____ and _____ because individuals speaking these languages made most of the early anatomical discoveries.

greek and latin

The change in size of the bone marrow (where blood cells are produced) as an infant matures is an example of __________, whereas the transformation of blood stem cells into white blood cells is an example of __________.

growth and differentiation

Chemicals in a solution can move down a concentration gradient. This means the chemical will move from the area of __________ concentration to the area of _________ concentration.

high and low

________________ established a code of ethics for physicians. He is considered the "father of medicine."

hippocrates

_____________ is the view that not everything about an organism can be understood or predicted from the knowledge of its components; that is, the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.

holism

Negative feedback loops are __________.

homeostatic mechanisms

We live in an ever-changing environment outside of our body, yet our internal conditions remain relatively stable. This is called __________.

homeostatsis

An educated speculation or a possible answer to a question is called a(n) __________.

hypothesis

Most people think that ulcers are caused by psychological stress. It was discovered that an acid-resistant bacterium, Heliobacter pylori, lives in the lining of the stomach. If these bacteria cause ulcers, then treatment with an antibiotic should reduce ulcers. This line of investigation is an example of __________.

hypothetico-deductive reasoning

Ultrastructure refers to the detailed structure to the level of the _____.

molecule

The principal theory of how evolution works is called __________.

natural selection

Blood glucose concentration rises after a meal and stimulates the pancreas to release the hormone insulin. Insulin travels in the blood and stimulates the uptake of glucose by body cells from the bloodstream, thus reducing blood glucose concentration. This is an example of _________.

negative feedback

During exercise, one generates excess heat and the body temperature rises. As a response, blood vessels dilate in the skin, warm blood flows closer to the body surface, and heat is lost. This is an example of __________.

negative feedback

The use of controls and statistical testing are two aspects of experimental design that help to ensure __________.

objective and reliable results

An _______________ is composed of two or more tissues types, whereas ____________ are microscopic structures in a cell.

organ and organelles

Which of the following lists levels of human structure from the most complex to the simplest?

organ system, organ, tissue, cell, organelle

Feeling structures with your fingertips is called _________, whereas tapping on the body and listening for sounds of abnormalities is called ____________.

palpation and percussion

The ileum is ____________, whereas the ilium is __________.

part of the small intestine and part of the hip bone

The study of mechanism of disease is called __________.

pathophysiology

______________ is a process that submits a scientist's ideas to the critical judgment of other specialists in the field before the research is funded or published.

peer review

A hemoglobin level of 12g/dL is normal for an adult female, but low for an adult male. This is an example of _____.

physiological variation

The study of how the body functions is called __________.

physiology

A new drug apparently increases short-term memory. Students were divided randomly into two groups at the beginning of the semester. One group was given the memory pill once a day for the semester, and the other group was given a same-looking pill, but it was just sugar. The sugar pill is termed a(n) __________.

placebo

When a woman is giving birth, the head of the baby pushes against her cervix and stimulates the release of the hormone oxytocin. Oxytocin travels in the blood and stimulates the uterus to contract. Labor contractions become more and more intense until the baby is expelled. This is an example of __________.

positive feedback

Which of the following is most likely to cause disease?

positive feedback

Which of the following lists examples of body structures from the simplest to the most complex?

protein, mitochondrion, adipocyte (fat cell), connective tissue, stomach

Three common components of a feedback loop are _________, __________, and __________.

receptor: integrating (control) center: effector

_______________ approaches understanding of the human body by studying the interactions of its parts.

reductionism

Taking apart a clock to see how it works is similar to ____________ thinking about human physiology.

reductionist

If a species of animal evolves over generations to grow a large fan-blade like growth on its back to catch the wind and cool its body, this would be an example of responding to _____.

selection pressure

A human is born before his/her nervous system has matured. This is traceable to __________.

skeletal adaptions to bipedalism

Which of these is the best imaging technique for routinely examining the anatomical development of a fetus?

sonography

Which of the following was an adaptation that evolved in connection with human upright walking?

spinal and pelvic anatomy

All of the following are organs except __________.

the digestive system

The process of using numerous observations to develop general principles and predictions about a specific subject is called __________.

the inductive method

Precise spelling is important in anatomy because __________.

there are many similar terms in anatomy that refer to different structures

Which of the following is not an aspect that could result in physiological variation?

these are all aspects that can cause physiological variation

A(n) _____________ is a group of similar cells and their intercellular materials in a discrete region of an organ performing a specific function.

tissue

Which of the following is not an example of a physiological gradient?

tissue

All functions of the body can be interpreted as the effects of cellular activity.

true

Anatomists around the world adhere to a lexicon of standard international terms, which stipulates both Latin names and accepted English equivalents.

true

Cells were first named by microscopist Robert Hooke.

true

Evolutionary (Darwinian) medicine traces some of our diseases to our evolutionary past.

true

Lou Gehrig disease is the eponym for amyotropic lateral sclerosis, made famous by the "ice bucket challege."

true

Organs are made of tissues.

true

Sometimes anatomical terms come from origins that do not lend any insight into their meaning.

true

The hypothetico-deductive method is common in physiology, whereas the inductive method is common in anatomy.

true

Known as "the father of modern anatomy," __________ was the first to publish accurate drawings of the body.

versalius

The plural of villus (hair) is ____________, whereas the plural of diagnosis is ____________.

villi and diagnoses