Chapter 1 Psychology

Research Types

1. Cross-sectional a. Most common b. Compares people of different ages at one point in time 2. Longitudinal a. Same individuals are followed/studies over time 3. Cross-sequential a. Combo of first and second b. Several groups of people of different ages studies over time 4. Microgenetic Design (ah-ha design) a. The same children are studies repeatedly over a short period of time b. Provide in-depth look at children's behavior while it's changing

Fetal Learning and Memory (memory and learning is natural part and starts in the womb) Unborn babies:

1. Show habituation and preference 2. Remember stories and music 3. Learn their native language 4. Remember trauma 5. Know their mother's diet and emotional states 6. Display fetal crying

Which theorist believed that development reflects the influence of five environmental systems?

Bronfenbrenner

What are the four ways of measuring age?

Chronological, Biological, Psychological and Social

Which of the following are key elements of Bandura's social cognitive theory?

Environment Cognition Behavior

According to ______, eight stages of development unfold as an individual goes through life, and a unique developmental task confronts the individual at each stage.

Erikson

True or false: Life-span development focuses mostly on the rapid growth and development that occurs during childhood.

False Reason: The focus of life-span development is from conception to death.

Which of the following correctly describe life span in the study of human development?

It involves growth and change. It occurs throughout life.

Which of the following statements most accurately reflects what is important in the study of life-span development?

It is important to study growth as well as decline when studying the life span.

Which of the following is true of Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

It states that we organize our experiences and adapt to changes. It consists of four stages.

Which of the following are components of Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory?

Macrosystem Mesosystem Chronosystem Microsystem Exosystem

cognitive theories of development

Piaget's developmental theory Vygotsky's sociocultural theory Information-processing theory

______ theories view development as being primarily the result of unconscious processes.

Psychoanalytic

Who is the behaviorist best known for his theory of operant conditioning?

Skinner

statement about the human life span

The maximum human life span has not changed since the beginning of recorded history.

Which of the following statements are consistent with the basic premises of Erikson's psychosocial theory? Select all that apply:

There is a turning point marked by increased vulnerability and enhanced potential. There is a crisis that must be resolved.

Which of Erikson's stages of development occurs during the first year of life?

Trust versus mistrust

The "nature" part of the nature-nurture issue in development can be described as ______.

a biological and genetic perspective

The Mozart Effect

a study in mid-90's at UCLA critical for woman to listen to Mozart to improve cognition of fetus. No evidence to support this. No control over parent's responses. Example of why it's mindful to be wary of studies.

Humans adapt through 2 cognitive development processes

a. Assimilation: new experiences are interpreted to fit into old ideas b. Accommodation: old ideas are restructured to include new experience (best for growth)

Institutional Research Boards

a. enforce ethical guidelines in research to protect human test subjects. b. Informed consent: form signed by participants c. Research with children never exempt from IRB

Life-span perspective

a. the process of change associated with age which characterizes all human beings from conception to death. i. Takes into account all phases and aspects of life: Physical, cognitive, social, moral, perceptual, and personality development

The "nurture" portion of the nature-nurture issue in development can be described as ______.

an environmental perspective on how people develop

Life-span development is defined as the pattern of change that begins ______ and continues ______.

at conception; through the human life span

One thing that the information-processing theory, Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, and Piaget's developmental theory have in common is that they are all ______ theories.

cognitive

Ego Identity

conscious sense of self developed through social interaction; how an individual becomes more conscious of themselves and their surroundings

Both the behavioral and the social cognitive theories emphasize ______.

continuity in development

The ______ issue focuses on the degree to which development involves distinct stages versus gradual, cumulative change.

continuity-discontinuity

Both the behavioral and the social cognitive theories of development assume that ______.

development does not occur in a stage-like fashion

According to ______, the presence or absence of certain experiences is especially important during specific time frames called critical periods.

ethologists

Death of neurons

i. Diseases of the brain resulting in the death of neurons 1. Parkinson's, Huntington's, Alzheimer's, TBIs, stroke, spinal cord injury

Premature birth and LBW

i. Full term: at least 37 weeks ii. Pre-mature: 3 plus weeks before that; greater than 8 weeks things get bad (29-34 weeks)

Four processes involved in early brain development

i. Proliferation: multiplication of neurons ii. Migration: neurons move to different locations in the brain iii. Differentiation: depending on location, neurons will perform specialized functions iv. Synaptogenesis: formation of connections among neurons

Stem cells in use: FDA approved; all treatments for a variety of blood and bone marrow diseases, blood diseases, and immune disorders

i. Somatic stem cell therapy 1. Stem cells found in bone marrow ii. Peripheral blood stem cells 1. Small amount of stem cells found in the blood iii. Umbilical cord blood stem cells 1. Harvested after delivery 2. Less prone to rejection

Neurogenesis (aka birth of neuron):

i. The process by which neurons are produced by neural stem cells ii. Most active in the developing fetus, bus is considered a life-long process

Folic acid

i. a nutrient derived from dark green leafy veggies, beans, etc. Or a supplement of 400 micrograms per day. 1. Saw a 50% reduction in neural tube defects like spina bifida which is when the spinal column does not close properly

Neuroplasticity

i. ability of the brain to change as a result of one's experiences 1. 2 types: a. Experience expectant: the normal, generalized development of neural connections that occur as a result of common experiences that all humans are exposed to in a normal environment. b. Experience dependent: continued process of creation of neuron connections as a result of a person's life experiences.

Pruning

i. synaptic elimination; continues through adolescence about 6 years old 1. Why: too many connections, use it or loose it

Cognitive processes refer to changes in the following area(s)

intelligence, thought, language

Developmentalists believe that biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes ______.

interact as people develop

The continuity-discontinuity issue focuses on the degree to which development ______.

involves distinct stages versus gradual, cumulative change

What are the five stages of psychosexual development, according to Freud?

oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, a child's cognition is ______ different in one stage compared with another.

qualitatively

Albert Bandura's ______ theory holds that development is influenced by behavior, environment, and cognition.

social cognitive

Psychoanalytic theories of development place heavy emphasis on the role of ______.

the unconscious

Teratogens

viruses, drugs and chemicals that can impair prenatal development, result in birth defects or death