Chapter 1 Quiz

The construction of a factory near Valley Mont Elementary School adversely affected the concentration of the students in the school. In order to help the students cope with this problem, the principal of the school invited a(n) _____ who was experienced in dealing with humans and their interactions with their surroundings. a. forensic psychologist b. environmental psychologist c. industrial psychologist d. social psychologist

b. environmental psychologist

B. F. Skinner proposed: a. the theory of psychoanalysis. b. that organisms behave in certain ways because of inherited traits and not acquired traits. c. the basic theories of functionalism. d. that organisms learn to behave in certain ways because their behavior has a positive outcome.

d. that organisms learn to behave in certain ways because their behavior has a positive outcome.

Brandon is a psychologist who is studying the relationship between heredity and mood disorders. He strongly believes that behavior and mental processes have a connection with the brain, hormones, heredity, and evolution. Brandon's beliefs are most consistent with the _____ perspective. a. humanistic-existential b. biological c. psychodynamic d. cognitive

b. biological

Psychologists with a(n) _____ perspective primarily venture into the realm of mental processes such as sensation and perception, memory, intelligence, language, thought, and problem solving to understand human nature. a. evolutionary b. cognitive c. behaviorist d. biological

b. cognitive

____ showed that people tend to perceive separate pieces of information as integrated wholes depending on the contexts in which they occur. a. Behaviorists b. Cognitive psychologists c. Structuralists d. Gestalt psychologists

d. Gestalt psychologists

Which of the following is true of behaviorism? a. Behaviorism emphasizes the role of the unconscious mind over conscious actions and behavior. b. Behaviorism holds that the mind functions by combining the objective and subjective elements of experience. c. Behaviorists define psychology as the scientific study of behavior, not of behavior and mental processes. d. Behaviorism explains the relationship between the brain, hormones, evolution, heredity, and behavior.

c. Behaviorists define psychology as the scientific study of behavior, not of behavior and mental processes.

The measured results, or outcomes, in an experiment are called__________. a. correlation coefficients b. volunteer biases c. dependent variables d. stratified sample

c. dependent variables

A source of bias that may occur in research findings when participants are allowed to choose for themselves a certain treatment in a scientific study is called a _____. a. selection factor b. gender bias c. correlation d. sampling error

a. selection factor

Structuralists tended to ask, "What are the pieces that make up thinking and experience?" In contrast,__________ tended to ask, "How do behavior and mental processes help people adapt to the requirements of their lives?" a. cognitive psychologists b. psychoanalysts c. functionalists d. behaviorists

c. functionalists

Which of the following statements is true about the different types of psychologists? a. School psychologists focus on planning instructional methods for a school system rather than on individual children. b. Health psychologists apply psychology to the criminal justice system. c. Clinical psychologists help clients resolve problems and change self-defeating behavior. d. Counseling psychologists deal exclusively with clients who suffer from serious psychological disorders.

c. Clinical psychologists help clients resolve problems and change self-defeating behavior.

Which of the following is a drawback of case studies? a. Interviewers may influence participants to give responses that suit their expectations. b. Case studies do not collect information about small groups. c. Interviewers are required to disclose personal information about clients. d. Case studies are not descriptive and hence do not offer substantial information about participants.

c. Interviewers are required to disclose personal information about clients.

Caroline is a psychologist who studies how stress induces ailments such as heart problems and headaches. Some of her clients are smokers, and she is helping them quit smoking. She also suggests lifestyle changes to her clients to help them reduce and cope with stress. Caroline can best be described as a(n) _____. a. health psychologist b. forensic psychologist c. industrial psychologist d. educational psychologist

a. health psychologist

Which of the following statements is true of William James's contribution to psychology? a. He pointed out that people were social creatures who influenced one another. b. He argued that the stream of consciousness was fluid and continuous. c. He theorized that experience can be broken down into objective sensations and subjective feelings. d. He believed that organisms learn to behave only through reinforcement.

b. He argued that the stream of consciousness was fluid and continuous.

_____ stresses people's capacities for self-fulfillment and the central roles of consciousness, self-awareness, and decision making. a. Structuralism b. Humanism c. Functionalism d. Behaviorism

b. Humanism

Social-cognitive theorists: a. primarily emphasize environmental influences and the learning of habits through reinforcement. b. suggest that people can modify and create their environments. c. suggest that people cannot engage in intentional learning. d. primarily emphasize environmental influences and the learning of habits through repetition.

b. suggest that people can modify and create their environments.

Which of the following is true of the humanistic-existential perspective? a.It assumes that the inborn behavior patterns of various species are made possible by the brain and cannot be adapted. b. It completely rejects the cognitive perspective. c. It views people as free to choose and as being responsible for choosing their own behavior. d. It focuses exclusively on unconscious processes.

c. It views people as free to choose and as being responsible for choosing their own behavior.

Which of the following statements is true of the experimental method of research? a. In the experimental method of research, participants in experimental groups do not obtain the treatment being tested. b. In the experimental method of research, participants in control groups obtain the treatment being tested. c. The experimental method allows psychologists to control the experiences of participants and draw conclusions about cause and effect. d. The experimental method fails to answer questions about cause and effect.

c. The experimental method allows psychologists to control the experiences of participants and draw conclusions about cause and effect.

Sujay is conducting a research on a group of factory machinists as part of a study on workplace stress and heart disease. Before conducting his study, he explains the objective of the study to the subjects and tells them what they would need to do. He gives them the opportunity to choose if they want to participate or not. In other words, Sujay is seeking__________. a. reinforcement b. a placebo effect c. informed consent d. participant exclusion

c. informed consent

____ are different from clinical psychologists in that their clients typically have adjustment problems, such as trouble making academic or vocational decisions or making friends in college, but not serious psychological disorders. a. Developmental psychologists b. Personality psychologists c. Organizational psychologists d. Counseling psychologists

d. Counseling psychologists

The _____ perspective works on the assumption that thoughts, fantasies, and dreams—and the inborn or instinctive behavior patterns of various species—are made possible by the nervous system and especially by the brain. a. cognitive b. humanistic-existential c. psychodynamic d. biological

d. biological