Chapter 1

When Columbus first sailed to America in 1492, Christian Europe was entirely Catholic; twenty-five years later, following Martin Luther's 95 Theses, the Protestant Reformation had begun, and Europe was thrown into more than 100 years of Christian religious wars.

True

Which of these crops did not form the basis of Native American agriculture?

Wheat

Who were the peninsulares?

persons of European birth

The freedom of a Christian man or woman meant/means:

subservience, submission, and servitude to God.

The chief goal of fifteenth-century Portuguese expansion was:

the establishment of a trading empire in Asia.

Horses, cows, pigs, and sheep were unknown to the Americas until Europeans brought them there.

true

At the time of first contact between Europeans and Native Americans, Native Americans had not developed:

wheeled transportation

The reconquista happened in what year?

1492

The first African slaves were transported to the New World in what year?

1502

After four trips across the Atlantic, Columbus recognized he had not reached Asia.

False

At the time of Portugal's Atlantic exploration, the economies of West Africa were organized chiefly around slavery.

False

Before Europeans arrived in the New World, Native Americans were without extensive trading networks, irrigation systems, or large cities.

False

Between 1492 and 1820, approximately 20 million African slaves came from the Old World to the New World.

False

Europeans in the 1500s held firmly to the view that all men are created equal.

False

In 1492, the population of Europe was greater than that of the Americas.

False

In 1493, the Catholic pope, Alexander VI, divided all the Americas between Spain and Britain.

False

In the Spanish colonies, race and class were not important.

False

Little contact existed among the diverse Indian societies of North America.

False

Most European men in the 1500s owned property and could vote.

False

New Netherland extended all the way down from Quebec to the lower Mississippi Valley.

False

Of the 10 million people who crossed the Atlantic Ocean to settle in the Americas in the 328 years from 1492 to 1820, most were white Europeans.

False

The Aztecs lived in a peaceful, nonviolent society.

False

The Pueblo Revolt of 1680 was swiftly crushed by Spanish authorities.

False

When the author, Eric Foner, uses the term "unfree labor," he refers to those persons who were performing work, not for free as volunteers, but for wages

False

Which of the following European countries did not have a colonial presence in seventeenth-century North America?

Germany

In the 1500s and 1600s, the Spanish in Central and South America relied on many of which of the following groups to work fields and mines?

Indians

Which was not expressed by Bartolomé de Las Casas in A Very Brief Account of the Destruction of the Indes in 1552?

He believed that Indians ought to be allowed to continue to practice their native faiths as a true sign of Christian love and toleration.

Which of the following was not a feature of Native American civilization prior to the voyages of Columbus?

Large cities were unknown to the Americas.

During the Pueblo Revolt, which of the following names were ordered to never be spoken again?

Mary

In which country did the reconquista occur?

Spain

Which was not a means by which Cortés conquered the Aztecs?

He bombarded the Aztec capital from his Spanish galleons

The oldest site in the present-day United States to be continuously inhabited by Europeans is

St. Augustine, Florida.

Which of the following was not a notable feature of sixteenth-century Spanish America?

The Spanish crown took little interest in the administration of colonial affairs.

Which of the following was a characteristic or action of the Zuni Indians of the Southwest?

The peak of their culture and population occurred about the years 900 to 1200.

Which of the following was not a significant motivation behind European colonization in the New World?

The spread of Democracy to the Americas

Which was not an aspect of Native American religious beliefs?

Their written religious text was called the Wicca.

Which was not a characteristic of American Indians?

There were four different tribes in the Americas

Africans enslaved other Africans long before the arrival of European traders.

True

Approximately 10 million men, women, and children came from the Old World to the New World between 1492 and 1820.

True

At the time of first contact with the Europeans, perhaps 12 million people lived in the Inca kingdom.

True

During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, all European nations had established churches, and religious wars between nations (and sometimes within them) were fierce.

True

In 1537, Pope Paul III decreed Indian slavery ended, but not African slavery.

True

Most Indian tribes were matrilineal.

True

On the eve of colonization of the Americas, freedom in Europe was framed in hierarchical, top-down terms, with each level of society enjoying its own degree of freedom.

True

Perhaps 80 million Native Americans died in the century and a half following first contact in consequence of diseases carried by Europeans.

True

Small-scale slavery in which Indians enslaved other Indians existed in Indian society.

True

Spanish settlers in the New World comprised a mix of laborers, soldiers, priests, bureaucrats, craftsmen, and professionals.

True

The reconquista was the reconquest of Spain from the Moors.

True

The transatlantic voyages of Columbus were sponsored by Spain, which had just achieved its own territorial unification.

True

To justify their colonial ventures, Spain invoked the threat of Protestantism.

True

Prior to 1800, the largest settled community in what is now the United States was:

Cahokia

Which was not a characteristic of "coverture"?

Children became the property of the state upon a husband's death.

Which of the following series of events is listed in proper sequence?

Cortés's conquest of the Aztecs; Las Casas's Destruction of the Indies; Spanish abolition of Indian enslavement

In European exploration, conquest, and colonization of the New World after 1492, all of the following were true except:

Europeans brought with them a broad-ranging tolerance for others' viewpoints; kindness and tolerance being the mark of civilized peoples

A strong immunity to European diseases strengthened Indian resistance to the conquistadors.

False

Which of the following was not a prominent cultural belief among Indian societies of North America?

Only holders of property should take part in tribal governance.

Which is not an achievement of the Indians of North America in the thousands of years before Columbus's arrival?

People in present-day Arizona constructed a large circle of red-earthen boulders.

Who were the mestizos?

Person of mixed Spanish and Indian origin

A significant outcome of the Portuguese arrival in West Africa was:

an expansion of Africa's internal slave trade.