Chapter 5 Organizational Behavior
David McClelland's theory about the drivers of employee behavior is the
acquired needs theory
content theories of motivation
- Maslow's hierarchy - acquired needs theory - McGregor's theory X and theory Y
the three acquire needs stated in McClelland's theory are the needs for achievement, _____ and _____
- affiliation - power
all of the psychological processes that underlie motivation
- direction of behavior or thought - persistence of behavior or thought - intensity of behavior or thought
goals lead to higher performance when ______ and _____ are used to stay focused and committed to a specific goal
- feedback - participation
Included in Maslow's hierarchy of needs
- physiological needs - esteem needs
Herzberg's theory classifies motivators as related to the work _____ in the job being performed
content
the motivation theories based on an employee's needs are known as _____ theories
content
the motivation theories that focus on internal factors such as needs and satisfaction to energize employees are known as
content theories
the form of organizational justice that reflects the perceived fairness of how rewards are allocated
distributive justice
in Herzberg's theory, the absence of grievances about hygiene factos
does not create motivation
the process theory that explains how people strive for fairness and justice in social exchanges or give-and-take relationships is
equity theory
need for recognition, prestige, and self-confidence
esteem
individual employees and managers jointly negotiate the tasks to be completed
idiosyncratic ideals
in Adam's equity theory, knowledge, experience, education, and effort expended all are perceived as
inputs
a sense of accomplishment after learning a new skill is a form of _____ motivation
intrinsic
promoting high intrinsic motivation by designing jobs with the five core job characteristics is the foal of the
job characteristics model
need for love, affection, and belonging
love
an important lesson from Maslow is that once a need is fulfilled, it no longer _____ an individual
motivates
Vroom's expectancy theory requires that all three of the elements must be high for _____ to be high
motivation
according to McClelland's acquired needs theory
one need often predominates over the others
basic needs such as food, air and water
physiological
i want to be connected with others and belong to a group
relatedness needs
need to be safe from physical and psychological harm
safety
desire for self-fulfillment
self-actualization
requires the ability to use several differnt skills to perform a job
skill variety
when employees are able to offer challenging, but constructive opinions to managers, their perception of procedural justice is improved because they have _____
voice
management changed the activities in jobs to increase motivation
top-down approaches
i need to feel independent and able to influence my environment
autonomy needs
employees redesign their own jobs, increasing engagement
bottom-up approach
the question "what intrinsic and extrinsic rewards will i receive if i achieve my desired level of performance?" represents which element of Vroom's expectancy theory?
instrumentality
self-determination theory emphasizes intrinsic motivation because
it is longer lasting and more positive than extrinsic motivators
since we are unable to see someone's _____, we can only infer it from their behavior or the results of their behavior
motivation
McGregor's theory Y is a more positive set of assumptions managers have about employees including that they
- are creative - are self-engaged and committed to work
using McClelland's theory to motivate an employee with high need for achievement would include
- assigning challenging but achievable projects - providing balanced feedback so they can improve performance
what are needed for goal setting theory to motivate employees?
- commitment to the goal - goal specificity - the ability to achieve the goal
Fredrick Taylor's scientific management designed jobs based on
- experiments and reasoning - systematic observation - standards established by observation
if you are trying to complete a term paper by the due date, setting a goal of avoiding a late penalty will help to direct your attention away from _____-_____ activities
- goal - irrelevant
advantages of designing jobs using job rotation include
- increased worker flexibility for scheduling through cross-training - building employee knowledge and ability to promote from within - providing employees with a broader perspective of the organization
Fredrick Herzberg's theory states that
- job dissatisfaction is associated with hygiene factors - job satisfaction is associated with motivating factors - managers can improve motivation by improving both motivators that create satisfaction and hygiene factors that reduce dissatisfaction
Locke and Latham's theory is that
- job satisfaction motivates employees to commit to higher levels of performance - goal achievement leads to job satisfaction
the theory that uses our perceptions of ______, ______, and comparisons of ratios to others is equity theory
- outputs - inputs
extrinsic motivators
- pay raises - promotions
the elements of equity theory include
- perception of inputs - comparison of the ratio of outputs to inputs - perceptions of outputs
outputs recognized as positive outcomes in equity theory include
- promotions - challenging assignments - bonuses
the hygiene factors in Herzberg's study include
- relations with one's supervisor - salary - working conditions
motivation is important to managers because it drives _____ and _____
- results - performance
Locke and Latham's findings about goal setting theory include that:
- successful goal achievement reinforces employee satisfaction and leads to setting higher goals - people need the ability to resources to achieve the goal - goals that are specific and difficult lead to higher performance
an individual experiences freedom, discretion, and independence in doing the job
autonomy
equity theory, which states that we try to eliminate perceived unfairness in social exchanges, is based on
cognitive dissonance theory
expectancy theory states that people are motivated to behave in ways that produce
combinations of desired outcomes
according to McClelland's acquired needs theory, the need to excel, solve problems, and surpass other is the
need for achievement
hunger or thirst are examples of physiological deficiencies that arouse behavior known as _____
needs
according to Herzberg's theory, issues related to hygiene factors will cause an employee to move from a:
state of no dissatisfaction to dissatisfaction
requires the completion of a whole or identifiable piece of work
task identity
the extent to which a job affects the lives of others inside or outside of the organization
task significane
alter the quantity or quality of the relationships one has at work
changing the relational nature of one's job
alter the scope, nature, or number of tasks one takes on
changing the task boundaries
changing one's perception of the existing tasks and relationships in a job
cognitive crafting
the theory that proposes that job satisfaction comes from motivating factors and dissatisfaction from the absence or weak presence of hygiene factors is based on research done by
Fredrick Herzberg
McGregor's Theory _____ is a pessimistic view of employees that includes the need to motivate them with carrots and sticks
X
McGregor's theory _____ proposes a set of assumptions about people at work: that they are responsible, creative, and committed
Y
according to equity theory, people compare
- their own inputs to the outputs received by others - their own inputs and outputs to those of relevant others
self-determination theory assumes that three innate needs, _____, autonomy, and relatedness drive our behavior
competence
i need to feel knowledgeable and capable of completing a goal
competence needs
the job design method that offers and employee the opportunity to experience achievement, recognition, and stimulating work through vertical loading is job _____
enrichment
an employee receives direct and clear information about the effectiveness of their job performance
feedback
feelings of inequity are based on whether you perceive that the outputs you receive are adequate to compensate for your collective ______
inputs