Chapter 5 Organizational Behavior

David McClelland's theory about the drivers of employee behavior is the

acquired needs theory

content theories of motivation

- Maslow's hierarchy - acquired needs theory - McGregor's theory X and theory Y

the three acquire needs stated in McClelland's theory are the needs for achievement, _____ and _____

- affiliation - power

all of the psychological processes that underlie motivation

- direction of behavior or thought - persistence of behavior or thought - intensity of behavior or thought

goals lead to higher performance when ______ and _____ are used to stay focused and committed to a specific goal

- feedback - participation

Included in Maslow's hierarchy of needs

- physiological needs - esteem needs

Herzberg's theory classifies motivators as related to the work _____ in the job being performed

content

the motivation theories based on an employee's needs are known as _____ theories

content

the motivation theories that focus on internal factors such as needs and satisfaction to energize employees are known as

content theories

the form of organizational justice that reflects the perceived fairness of how rewards are allocated

distributive justice

in Herzberg's theory, the absence of grievances about hygiene factos

does not create motivation

the process theory that explains how people strive for fairness and justice in social exchanges or give-and-take relationships is

equity theory

need for recognition, prestige, and self-confidence

esteem

individual employees and managers jointly negotiate the tasks to be completed

idiosyncratic ideals

in Adam's equity theory, knowledge, experience, education, and effort expended all are perceived as

inputs

a sense of accomplishment after learning a new skill is a form of _____ motivation

intrinsic

promoting high intrinsic motivation by designing jobs with the five core job characteristics is the foal of the

job characteristics model

need for love, affection, and belonging

love

an important lesson from Maslow is that once a need is fulfilled, it no longer _____ an individual

motivates

Vroom's expectancy theory requires that all three of the elements must be high for _____ to be high

motivation

according to McClelland's acquired needs theory

one need often predominates over the others

basic needs such as food, air and water

physiological

i want to be connected with others and belong to a group

relatedness needs

need to be safe from physical and psychological harm

safety

desire for self-fulfillment

self-actualization

requires the ability to use several differnt skills to perform a job

skill variety

when employees are able to offer challenging, but constructive opinions to managers, their perception of procedural justice is improved because they have _____

voice

management changed the activities in jobs to increase motivation

top-down approaches

i need to feel independent and able to influence my environment

autonomy needs

employees redesign their own jobs, increasing engagement

bottom-up approach

the question "what intrinsic and extrinsic rewards will i receive if i achieve my desired level of performance?" represents which element of Vroom's expectancy theory?

instrumentality

self-determination theory emphasizes intrinsic motivation because

it is longer lasting and more positive than extrinsic motivators

since we are unable to see someone's _____, we can only infer it from their behavior or the results of their behavior

motivation

McGregor's theory Y is a more positive set of assumptions managers have about employees including that they

- are creative - are self-engaged and committed to work

using McClelland's theory to motivate an employee with high need for achievement would include

- assigning challenging but achievable projects - providing balanced feedback so they can improve performance

what are needed for goal setting theory to motivate employees?

- commitment to the goal - goal specificity - the ability to achieve the goal

Fredrick Taylor's scientific management designed jobs based on

- experiments and reasoning - systematic observation - standards established by observation

if you are trying to complete a term paper by the due date, setting a goal of avoiding a late penalty will help to direct your attention away from _____-_____ activities

- goal - irrelevant

advantages of designing jobs using job rotation include

- increased worker flexibility for scheduling through cross-training - building employee knowledge and ability to promote from within - providing employees with a broader perspective of the organization

Fredrick Herzberg's theory states that

- job dissatisfaction is associated with hygiene factors - job satisfaction is associated with motivating factors - managers can improve motivation by improving both motivators that create satisfaction and hygiene factors that reduce dissatisfaction

Locke and Latham's theory is that

- job satisfaction motivates employees to commit to higher levels of performance - goal achievement leads to job satisfaction

the theory that uses our perceptions of ______, ______, and comparisons of ratios to others is equity theory

- outputs - inputs

extrinsic motivators

- pay raises - promotions

the elements of equity theory include

- perception of inputs - comparison of the ratio of outputs to inputs - perceptions of outputs

outputs recognized as positive outcomes in equity theory include

- promotions - challenging assignments - bonuses

the hygiene factors in Herzberg's study include

- relations with one's supervisor - salary - working conditions

motivation is important to managers because it drives _____ and _____

- results - performance

Locke and Latham's findings about goal setting theory include that:

- successful goal achievement reinforces employee satisfaction and leads to setting higher goals - people need the ability to resources to achieve the goal - goals that are specific and difficult lead to higher performance

an individual experiences freedom, discretion, and independence in doing the job

autonomy

equity theory, which states that we try to eliminate perceived unfairness in social exchanges, is based on

cognitive dissonance theory

expectancy theory states that people are motivated to behave in ways that produce

combinations of desired outcomes

according to McClelland's acquired needs theory, the need to excel, solve problems, and surpass other is the

need for achievement

hunger or thirst are examples of physiological deficiencies that arouse behavior known as _____

needs

according to Herzberg's theory, issues related to hygiene factors will cause an employee to move from a:

state of no dissatisfaction to dissatisfaction

requires the completion of a whole or identifiable piece of work

task identity

the extent to which a job affects the lives of others inside or outside of the organization

task significane

alter the quantity or quality of the relationships one has at work

changing the relational nature of one's job

alter the scope, nature, or number of tasks one takes on

changing the task boundaries

changing one's perception of the existing tasks and relationships in a job

cognitive crafting

the theory that proposes that job satisfaction comes from motivating factors and dissatisfaction from the absence or weak presence of hygiene factors is based on research done by

Fredrick Herzberg

McGregor's Theory _____ is a pessimistic view of employees that includes the need to motivate them with carrots and sticks

X

McGregor's theory _____ proposes a set of assumptions about people at work: that they are responsible, creative, and committed

Y

according to equity theory, people compare

- their own inputs to the outputs received by others - their own inputs and outputs to those of relevant others

self-determination theory assumes that three innate needs, _____, autonomy, and relatedness drive our behavior

competence

i need to feel knowledgeable and capable of completing a goal

competence needs

the job design method that offers and employee the opportunity to experience achievement, recognition, and stimulating work through vertical loading is job _____

enrichment

an employee receives direct and clear information about the effectiveness of their job performance

feedback

feelings of inequity are based on whether you perceive that the outputs you receive are adequate to compensate for your collective ______

inputs