World History Segment 1 Exam Review
What were the results of the Iconoclasm Controversy?
- Controversy over use of religious icons - Religious councils held to resolve conflict - Caused division within the Christian Church - Led to conflict over who should lead the Christian Church
What did Constantine I do ?
- Founded the eastern Roman Empire - Established Constantinople as the "new Rome" - Converted to Christianity - Issued the Edict of Milan to stop persecution of Christians - Byzantine emperor who reigned for nearly 40 years
What were the results of the Great Schism?
- Led to the creation of the Eastern Orthodox Church - Church heads excommunicate each other
What did Justinian I do?
- Reclaimed the territories of North Africa and Italy - Rewrote Roman law - Built the Hagia Sophia
What was Ibn Rushd's contribution to the Islamic Golden Age?
He worked to translate and preserve the works of Aristotle into Arabic.
Who was Huayna Capac?
Huayna Capac was the 11th ruler of the Inca empire. He built a new capital at Tumibamda in Ecuador. He divided his empire between his two sons, which made it easier for the Spanish to take over.
Bruneschelli dome on the Basilica di Santa Maria del Fiore in Florence is said to be influenced by
Islamic architectrure
Which of the following explains why the plague spread so quickly from Asia to Europe?
Trade routes were connecting more people in both Europe and Asia.
What was Bantu Migration and what was its significance?
What: Bantu-speaking people moved into East, Central and South Africa Significance: The Bantu migration changed the culture of East, Central, and South Africa. They spread their language and traditions, which included their agricultural skill and knowledge of iron working into these new areas.
What was the Great Zimbabwe and its significance?
What: Great Zimbabwe was a kingdom, known today for its pottery and curved stone architecture. Significance: Great Zimbabwe was a major African kingdom and city-state. It sent interior trade goods to cities along the Indian Coast, especially gold.
What was Kilwa and its significance?
What: Kilwa was an important trading city along the Swahili Coast. Significance: Kilwa was among the most powerful cities on the East African coast, and also helped spread Islam and Islamic culture throughout the region.
A result of the Great Schism was that
the Church was divided along national lines
The main trade route in the Atlantic slave trade was known as
the triangular trade
What is a jizya?
A tax assessed on non-Muslims
What was the Commercial Revolution?
A period if increasing economic activities in Late Middle Ages in Europe. This period is marked by the use of money and the expansion of foreign trade that stimulated large economic growth.
What was the Magna Carta?
A signed contract between King John and English nobles that took away some of the king's powers and increased the power of the nobles. This document was especially important because it was the first to limit the powers of the monarchy, and introduce a system of checks and balances.
What were the Canterbury Tales?
A work of fiction written by Geoffrey Chaucer in the late 14th century. The work is a collection of stories framed as tales told by pilgrims while traveling on pilgrimage to a popular cathedral in England.
Why was the conquest of Granada in Spain an important event for the age of Western expansion?
After conquering Granada, Spain was well positioned to export its soldiers and conquering passions abroad.
What was Romanesque style?
An architectural style characterized by thick, rounded walls, semi-circular arches, small high windows, sturdy piers, groin vaults, large towers, and decorative arcading.
What was the Gothic style?
An architectural style characterized by very high ceilings, flying buttresses, large stained glass windows, and pointed arches. In churches, this architectural style emphasizes verticality and light.
Who was Joan of Arc?
Compelled by voices she believed were angels, she sought out the French dauphin. She convinced him to let her lead troops in battle. When the French troops managed to dislodge the English from Orleans, it was held as a miracle.
Who was Moctezuma I?
Fifth emperor Aztec emperor. He is credited with expanding the Aztec empire by conquering neighboring tribes.
The hajj is a pilgrimage to what holy site?
Kaaba in Mecca
What was the Tokugawa Shogunate?
Launched a long period of stable and peaceful rule in Japan after a period of relative disorder. Between the years 1603 - 1868, it ruled Japan from Tokyo, then called Edo. It i's most famous, or infamous, in Europe for banning Christianity in Japan and kicking out missionaries.
What is Machu Picchu?
Machu Picchu is an ancient Inca city in the Andes Mountains.
How was Islam spread to India?
Merchants and conquerors
Which two city-states joined together to prevent the expansion of Venice?
Milan and Florence
Who was Pacal the Great?
Pacal the Great was a powerful king of Palenque (Mayan city). Pacal is known today for the many magnificent buildings and temples he created during his reign, the most famous of which is the Temple of Inscriptions.
What was the Abbasid Caliphate?
The Abbasid Caliphate became the second major Islamic dynasty and overthrew the Umayyads. The Abbasids incorporated the knowledge and technology of many different cultures. The Golden Age of Islam is considered to have begun under the Abbasid Caliphate.
Who were the Aztec?
The Aztec was the major civilization in Central America. Their capital was Tenochtitlan.
Who were the Chavin?
The Chavin were an advanced society in the Andean highlands of Peru. Their development brought the first political unification to the region, bringing together some local groups with a common religion and culture.
What was the House of Wisdom?
The House of Wisdom was a school and library in Baghdad, which attracted scholars. Scholars translated and preserved literature and works of history.
Who were the Inca?
The Inca were the largest civilization in pre-Columbian America. The Incas were an advanced civilization and ruled an enormous area in the Andes of South America.
Who were the Maya?
The Maya was a civilization in Central America inspired by the Olmec. The Mayans were experts in math and astronomy.
Who were the Seljuk Turks?
The Seljuk Turks were a group of Central Asians who built an expansive empire. They converted to Islam conquered Persia and then went to conquer Southwest Asia, Byzantine Anatolia, and Fatimid North Africa.
What was the Umayyad Caliphate?
The Umayyad Caliphate was the the first Islamic empire, the second caliphate after Muhammad's death. As it expanded, it converted many people to Islam.
Who were the Olmec?
The first great civilization in Mesoamerica was the Olmec, who flourished in southern Mexico. The spread of artifacts around the region shows that the Olmec had a great deal of influence on neighboring and later cultures.
Why was Johannes Gutenberg's printing press such an important innovation?
The printing press helped to enable mass production and distribution of bibles.
How did the Great Famine result from climate change in Europe?
The warming temperatures brought more rain that caused crops to rot in the fields.
Why was Luther's posting of his 95 Theses such a radical step?
They challenged the authority of the Church.
What were the Crusades and what was its significance?
What: The Crusades were a series of military expeditions between the 11th and 13th centuries on behalf of the Roman Catholic and Orthodox Churches to establish control over the Holy Land. Significance: The Crusades ultimately failed to maintain control of the Holy Land, they did succeed in expanding the medieval European world, bringing Muslim knowledge to medieval Europe, and increasing the wealth and power of the Catholic Church.
What are the Five Pillars of Islam? What is its significance?
What: The Five Pillars of Islam are a set of acts considered by Muslims to be central to their faith. Significance: Muslims believe the observation of the Five Pillars is a sign of commitment to Islam.
What was the Holy Roman Empire and its significance?
What: The Holy Roman Empire was an empire composed of lands in Central Europe. Significance: The empire was a major political power in Europe for a long time. The empire, and its relationship with the Church in Rome, helped to spread the influence of Christianity throughout northern Europe.
What was the Swahili Coast and what was its significance?
What: The Swahili Coast was an area of East Africa where Arab and Indian traders established a new port. Significance: The Swahili Coast became an important and powerful trading region. The combination of cultures in these trading centers created the language, Swahili, a combination of Bantu languages and Arabic.
What was the Triangular Trade and its significance?
What: The triangular trade is the name for the trade between Africa, the Americas, and Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries. In the trade, slaves were brought from Africa to the Americas. The slaves provided the labor to grow the sugar, tobacco, and cotton, which were then sold to Europe. Significance: The triangular trade provided for much of Europe's growth and prosperity in this era.
Who is Abraham? What was his significance?
Who: Abraham was a Mesopotamian man who is featured in the Torah and the Qur'an. Abraham is also an important figure in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Significance: Abraham is the patriarch of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. He was also one of the first people to teach the idea that there is only one God.
Who was Askia Muhammad and what was his significance?
Who: Askia Muhammad ruled the Soghia Empire and expanded the empire and increased its power. Significance: Askia Muhammad strengthened the Songhai Empire and founded the Askia Dynasty. Muhammad Askia practiced traditional Islam and he made that religion the official religion of the Songhai Empire.
Who was Bartolome de Las Casas and what was his significance?
Who: Bartolome de las Casas was a Spanish missionary who traveled to the New World in the early 16th century. Significance: By publicizing the condition of native people, de las Casas helped to bring about some reforms. Today, his work also serves as a rare and important history of the Spanish conquest.
Who was Bartolomeo Dias and his significance?
Who: Bartolomeo Dias was a Portugese explorer, who was the first European to sail around the base of Africa. This journey provided Europe with a route from Europe to India. Significane: This journey gave Portugal a distinct edge in the lucrative spice trade. Dias's journey also brought knowledge of coastal Africa to Europe, which led ultimately to the Portuguese slave trade.
Who was Charlemagne? What is his significance?
Who: Charlemagne was a Frankish king who united the Franks and conquered neighboring lands in the old Roman province of Gaul. Born in 742 CE, Charlemagne was a pious Christian who sought to reform the church and improve education in his kingdom. Significance: Charlemagne laid the groundwork for political and economic patterns that would dominate the rest of the medieval period in Europe.
Who was Christopher Columbus and his significance?
Who: Christopher Columbus was an Italian explorer who sailed for Spain. Significance:
Who was Ferdinand Magellan and his significance?
Who: Ferdinand Magellan was a Portuguese explorer in the late 15th and early 16th century. Significance: Magellan's journey gave Spain enormous power and prestige. It also gave Europeans a route around South America and introduced Europe to the Pacific Ocean. The journey added to European knowledge of the earth.
Who was Francisco Pizarro and his significance?
Who: Francisco Pizarro was a Spanish conquistador who conquered the Incan people. Significance: Pizarro's conquest gave Spain control over the west coast of South America, much of the Andes mountain range, and all the Incan wealth.
Who was Hernan Cortes and his significance?
Who: Hernan Cortes was a Spanish explorer and conquistador. He also led the Spanish conquest of the Aztec empire. Significance: Cortés' conquest of the Aztec earned him awards and enemies in the Spanish empire. Ultimately, however, his conquest of the Aztecs gave Spain control over Mexico.
Who is Jesus? What was his significance?
Who: Jesus was a Jewish man, Son of God and the Messiah. as believed by Christians. Significance: He is the most important figure in Christianity. Christians believe that Jesus allowed himself to be crucified to pay for the sins of humanity.
Who was Richard the Lionheart and his significance?
Who: King Richard is famous for participating in and leading the Third Crusade. He battled with and won many victories against the Muslim military leader Saladin; however, he was never able to win back Jerusalem. Significance: While his leadership in the Third Crusade is his most famous achievement, he is also prominent in some English folklore.
Who was Mansa Musa and what was his significance?
Who: Mansa Musa was a king of the Mali Empire who went on an pilgrimage to Mecca. Significance: Mansa Musa's devotion to Islam caused the religion to flourish in the region. His pilgrimage made Mali famous and increased trade and Mali became richer. Finally Mansa Musa brought Arab and Islamic scholars, scientists, and architects to Timbuktu, fostering developments in learning and making the city an important intellectual center.
Who is Moses? What was his significance?
Who: Moses was a Jewish prophet and leader, who descended from Isaac. Moses also led the Israelites out of slavery in Egypt. Significance: Moses is the most important figure in Judaism because he wrote the Torah. He is seen as an important prophet in Christianity and Islam.
Who is Muhammad? What was his significance?
Who: Muhammad was an Arab merchant, before migrating with his followers to Medina. Significance: Muhammad is the founder of Islam. Muslims consider him to be the last in a line of prophets of God. Muslims believe his prophecies are the word of God.
Who was Olaudah Equiano and his significance?
Who: Olaudah Equiano, also known as Gustavus Vassa, was an African who was kidnapped and forced into slavery. Significance: Equiano became an important abolitionist. His book influenced many people to join the abolition movement. Its influence helped pass the law that ended the British slave trade.
Who was Pope Urban II and his significance?
Who: Pope Urban II was a Roman Catholic pope who is know for responding to the Byzantine emperor's plea for help defending the empire against the Turks by vigorously calling for Christians to begin a holy war. Significance: Pope Urban II called the Council of Clermont and issued a call for the First Crusade.
Who was Prince Henry and his significance?
Who: Prince Henry was the prince of Portugal and an early explorer. Prince Henry sailed along the coast of Africa where he "discovered" the island of Madeira. Prince Henry also constructed the first European fort on the African continent. Significance: Prince Henry's journeys established Portuguese dominance in early exploration. The contact with West Africa gave the Portuguese a foothold on the continent and in the later African slave trade.
Who was Saladin and what is his significance?
Who: Saladin was a Kurdish Muslim warrior who gained prominence fighting in the Holy Land against the Crusaders. In 1187, he successfully conducted a coordinated force that retook Jerusalem in 1187. Significance: Saladin is most important for his role in uniting the Muslims of Egypt, Syria, and surrounding lands and in driving the Christian Crusaders out of Jerusalem.
Who was Sonni Ali the Great and what was his significance?
Who: Sonni Ali the Great was the first king of the Songhai Empire. Significance: Sonni Ali was the founder of the Songhai Empire. His acceptance of Islam and his unusual practice of it helped to spread the religion into more areas of West Africa.
Who was Sundiata Keita and what was his significance?
Who: Sundiata Keita was the first king of Mali. Significance: Sundiata Keita was the founder of the Kingdom of Mali. He reestablished the gold and salt trade. He is also a major figure in the orals histories of West Africa.
Who were the Merovingians? What is their significance?
Who: The Merovingians were a line of Frankish kings beginning with Clovis I. The Merovingians were a group of Germanic Franks that established a kingdom in the old Roman province of Gaul. Significance: The Merovingians ruled Gaul (present-day France) for approximately 200 years. But the expansion of the kingdom and Clovis's acceptance of Christianity helped to spread the influence of Christianity across Europe.
Who was Vasco da Gama and his significance?
Who: Vasco da Gama was a Portuguese explorer, who sailed around Africa to the east coast of India. He negotiated a good trade deal between India and Portugal. Significance: Da Gama's explorations brought Portugal increased wealth and power and provided new sea routes to India.
