Chapter 4 - The meaning and dimensions of culture

Select all that apply Identify the countries that were identified by Dutch researcher Geert Hofstede as having a low long-term orientation index. (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. Indonesia The United States of America The United Kingdom China Spain

Spain The United States of America The United Kingdom

According to the study by Dutch researcher Fons Trompenaars, match the kinds of relationship orientations (in the left column) with their features (in the right column). Cultures with high universalism Cultures with high particularism -The focus is more on relationships and trust than on formal rules. -The focus is more on formal rules than on relationships.

Cultures with high universalism-The focus is more on formal rules than on relationships. Cultures with high particularism-The focus is more on relationships and trust than on formal rules.

In the context of the cultural dimension of indulgence versus restraint identified by Dutch researcher Geert Hofstede, match the types of societies (in the left column) with their features (in the right column). Indulgent societies Restrained societies -People are more likely to remember positive emotions and give higher importance to leisure. -People are less likely to remember positive emotions and give lower importance to leisure.

Indulgent societies-People are more likely to remember positive emotions and give higher importance to leisure. Restrained societies-People are less likely to remember positive emotions and give lower importance to leisure.

According to Dutch researcher Geert Hofstede, a situation in which the dominant values in society are caring for others and the quality of life is called _____. femininity universalism masculinity communitarianism

femininity

An attribute of countries with a low masculinity index is that _____. the school system is geared toward encouraging high performance the workplace is often characterized by high job stress they tend to emphasize cooperation, a friendly atmosphere, and employment security they place great importance on earnings, recognition, advancement, and challenge

they tend to emphasize cooperation, a friendly atmosphere, and employment security

Select all that apply Based on Fons Trompenaars's relationship orientations based on cultural dimensions, which of the following countries have high individualism? (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. Canada Korea Thailand Malaysia

Canada Thailand

Match the cultural dimensions identified by Dutch researcher Fons Trompenaars (in the left column) with their definitions (in the right column). Individualism Communitarianism -Refers to people regarding themselves as persons Refers to people regarding themselves as part of a group

Individualism -Refers to people regarding themselves as persons Communitarianism- Refers to people regarding themselves as part of a group

What are the features of countries with a high masculinity index? (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. The workplace involves high job stress, and many managers think that their employees dislike work and must be kept under some degree of control. Individuals are encouraged to be group decision makers, and achievement is defined in terms of layman contacts and the living environment. Young men expect to have careers, and those who do not often consider themselves failures. The school system is geared toward fostering high performance. These countries prefer small-scale enterprises and place great importance on conservation of the environment.

The workplace involves high job stress, and many managers think that their employees dislike work and must be kept under some degree of control. Young men expect to have careers, and those who do not often consider themselves failures. The school system is geared toward fostering high performance.

Match the types of decision making in an organization (in the left column) with their descriptions (in the right column). Centralized decision making- Decentralized decision making- -All the significant organizational decisions are diffused throughout the enterprise, and middle- and lower-level managers actively engage in, and make, key decisions. -Top managers make all the significant organizational decisions.

Centralized decision making- Top managers make all the significant organizational decisions. Decentralized decision making- All the significant organizational decisions are diffused throughout the enterprise, and middle- and lower-level managers actively engage in, and make, key decisions

Match the levels of organizational loyalty of people (in the left column) with their descriptions (in the right column). High organizational loyalty- Low organizational loyalty- -Individuals identify very strongly with their enterprise or employer. -Individuals identify with their occupational group, such as engineer or mechanic.

High organizational loyalty- Individuals identify very strongly with their enterprise or employer. Low organizational loyalty-Individuals identify with their occupational group, such as engineer or mechanic.

Which of the following is true about culture? It is dependent on the human ability to symbolize It cannot be acquired by learning or experience. It is based on the genetically driven adaptive process of human beings. It cannot be passed down from one generation to the next.

It is dependent on the human ability to symbolize.

In the context of time orientation, match the various types of cultures (in the left column) with their attributes (in the right column). Long-term-oriented societies Short-term-oriented cultures . -They are likely to focus on the future. -They tend to focus more on the past and present than on the future.

Long-term-oriented societies-They are likely to focus on the future. Short-term-oriented cultures -They tend to focus more on the past and present than on the future.

Match the various studies on cultural dimensions (in the left column) with their features (in the right column). Research by Dutch researcher Geert Hofstede The Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness (GLOBE) research program -Concentrated on one institution and surveyed employees -Conducted interviews with managers across many corporations

Research by Dutch researcher Geert Hofstede-Concentrated on one institution and surveyed employees The Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness (GLOBE) research program-Conducted interviews with managers across many corporations

Select all that apply Identify the true statements about organizations with high power distance. (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. The low-level employees are highly qualified people. Strict obedience is seen even among high-level employees. Individuals blindly follow the orders of their superiors. Flat organization structures are popular.

Strict obedience is seen even among high-level employees. Individuals blindly follow the orders of their superiors.

Select all that apply Which of the following are true about the countries that were identified by Dutch researcher Geert Hofstede as having a low long-term orientation index? (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. Relationships tend to be ordered by status, which can affect the way that situations are handled. Traditional approaches are respected, and feedback cycles tend to be short. Gift giving and greetings are shared and reciprocated. Individuals believe in absolutes, value stability and leisure time, and spend money freely. People believe that there are multiple truths to issues that arise.

Traditional approaches are respected, and feedback cycles tend to be short. Gift giving and greetings are shared and reciprocated. Individuals believe in absolutes, value stability and leisure time, and spend money freely.

Match the types of countries in terms of uncertainty avoidance (in the left column) with their features (in the right column). Countries populated with people who do not like uncertainty- Countries with low uncertainty avoidance -The people are more willing to accept that risks are associated with the unknown and that life must go on in spite of this. -The people tend to have a high need for security and a strong belief in experts and their knowledge.

Countries populated with people who do not like uncertainty- -The people tend to have a high need for security and a strong belief in experts and their knowledge. Countries with low uncertainty avoidance- -The people are more willing to accept that risks are associated with the unknown and that life must go on in spite of this.

Research on the effects of the U.S. environment on the cultural values of Japanese managers working for Japanese firms in the United States found that the stateside Japanese managers supported the idea of _____. unconditional employment conformance to hierarchic position formal authority paternalism

formal authority

According to Dutch researcher Geert Hofstede, a cultural characteristic in which the dominant values in society are success, money, and things is termed _____. universalism femininity particularism masculinity

masculinity

Match the types of cultures (in the left column) with their descriptions (in the right column). A neutral culture An emotional culture -A culture in which emotions are held in check A culture in which emotions are expressed openly and naturally

A neutral culture-A culture in which emotions are held in check An emotional culture-A culture in which emotions are expressed openly and naturally

Which of the following refers to a current trend in the Japanese value system? Japan is following anarchism as its primary ideology. An increasing number of Japanese are beginning to embrace what is being called the "era of personal responsibility." Japan is moving toward a collectivist culture. A growing number of Japanese are starting to denounce individualism as it is a threat to society.

An increasing number of Japanese are beginning to embrace what is being called the "era of personal responsibility."

Which of the following primarily exhibit a high long-term orientation? (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. Indonesia Spain China The United Kingdom Japan

China Japan Indonesia

There is increasing evidence that individualism in Japan is declining, indicating that Japanese values are seldom changing. True False

False

In the context of cultural dimensions, match the terms (in the left column) with their descriptions Individualism- Collectivism- -The political philosophy that people should be free to pursue economic and political endeavors without constraint -The political philosophy that views the needs or goals of society as a whole as more important than individual desires

Individualism--The political philosophy that people should be free to pursue economic and political endeavors without constraint Collectivism--The political philosophy that views the needs or goals of society as a whole as more important than individual desires

Which of the following refers to an aspect of culture? It is not inherited or biologically based. It is not cumulative. It is not adaptive. It is not based on the human capacity to adapt.

It is not inherited or biologically based.

Select all that apply Identify the true statements about cultures that primarily show long-term orientation in comparison with those that show short-term orientation. (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. Individuals believe in absolutes and value stability and leisure time. Relationships are likely to be ordered by status, which can affect the way situations are handled. People are more likely to believe that there are multiple truths to issues that arise. Traditional approaches are respected, and feedback cycles tend to be short. People are persistent, thrifty with their money, and highly adaptable to unexpected circumstances.

Relationships are likely to be ordered by status, which can affect the way situations are handled. People are more likely to believe that there are multiple truths to issues that arise. People are persistent, thrifty with their money, and highly adaptable to unexpected circumstances.

Match the types of cultures in terms of time orientation (in the left column) with their features (in the right column). Short-term-oriented cultures Long-term-oriented cultures -There is personal steadiness and stability, and service to others is an important objective. -Family life is led by shared tasks, and what are good and evil depend on the circumstances.

Short-term-oriented cultures -There is personal steadiness and stability, and service to others is an important objective. Long-term-oriented cultures-Family life is led by shared tasks, and what are good and evil depend on the circumstances.

Matching Question According to F. Elashmawi and Philip R. Harris, match the regions (in the left column) with the cultural values they consider important (in the right column). The United States- Japan- Arab countries- -Individualism -Authority -Collectiveness

The United States- Individualism Japan-Collectiveness Arab countries-Authority

Select all that apply In the context of a research study on managerial values, which of the following show the effects of the U.S. environment on the cultural values of Japanese managers working for Japanese firms in the United States? (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. The stateside Japanese managers did not believe that job security was very significant. The stateside Japanese managers did not support the concept of formal authority in an organization. The stateside Japanese managers did not think that unconditional tenure in a firm was very important. The stateside Japanese managers did not perceive conformity and obedience to be very important.

The stateside Japanese managers did not think that unconditional tenure in a firm was very important. The stateside Japanese managers did not perceive conformity and obedience to be very important.

What was the meta-goal of the Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness (GLOBE) research program? To create an empirically based theory to explain and foresee the effects of cultural variables on leadership and organizational processes and the effectiveness of these processes To popularize the idea of communitarianism and convince people to regard themselves as individuals To popularize the idea of particularism that states that practices can be applied everywhere without modification To create an empirically based theory to prove that people in ascription cultures are more proactive in running business than those in achievement cultures

To create an empirically based theory to explain and foresee the effects of cultural variables on leadership and organizational processes and the effectiveness of these processes

Based on the study by Dutch researcher Fons Trompenaars, match the kinds of relationship orientations (in the left column) with their definitions (in the right column). Universalism Particularism -The belief that ideas and practices can be applied everywhere without modification -The belief that circumstances dictate how ideas and practices should be applied

Universalism-The belief that ideas and practices can be applied everywhere without modification Particularism-The belief that circumstances dictate how ideas and practices should be applied

According to the study by Dutch researcher Geert Hofstede about the effects of individualism, match the types of countries based on their economy (in the left column) with their descriptions (in the right column). Wealthy countries Poorer countries They have higher individualism scores. They have higher collectivism scores.

Wealthy countries- They have higher individualism scores. Poorer countries- They have higher collectivism scores.

Select all that apply Identify the guidelines for doing business in a future-oriented culture. (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. Agree to specific deadlines for completing things. Place importance on the history and tradition of the culture. Place importance on the opportunities and limitless scope that any agreement can have. Find out whether internal relationships will sanction the types of changes that need to be made.

Agree to specific deadlines for completing things. Place importance on the opportunities and limitless scope that any agreement can have.

Match the types of countries based on their indulgence index (in the left column) with their features (in the right column). . Countries that show a high indulgence index Countries that show a low indulgence index -People take part in more sports and activities, see themselves as being in control of their own destiny, and express happiness freely. -People participate in fewer activities and sports, think that their own destiny is not in their control, and display less happiness.

Countries that show a high indulgence index-People take part in more sports and activities, see themselves as being in control of their own destiny, and express happiness freely. Countries that show a low indulgence index-People participate in fewer activities and sports, think that their own destiny is not in their control, and display less happiness.

Match the types of cultures based on people's accorded status (in the left column) with their examples (in the right column). Cultures with high achievement Cultures with high ascription China and Venezuela Austria and Switzerland

Cultures with high achievement-Austria and Switzerland Cultures with high ascription-China and Venezuela

Based on the aspects of cultural dimensions, match the terms (in the left column) with their definitions (in the right column). Individualism Collectivism The tendency of people to look after themselves and their immediate family only The tendency of people to belong to groups or collectives and to look after each other in exchange for loyalty

Individualism-The tendency of people to look after themselves and their immediate family only Collectivism-The tendency of people to belong to groups or collectives and to look after each other in exchange for loyalty

The extent to which less powerful members of institutions and organizations accept that power is distributed unequally is known as ______________ __________________.

Power Distance

When developing the measures and conducting the analysis as part of the Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness (GLOBE) research program, researchers used archival measures of country economic prosperity and of the physical and psychological welfare of the cultures studied. True False

True

Match the types of cultures (in the left column) with their examples (in the right column). Cultures with high neutralism Cultures with high emotionalism -The Netherlands and Switzerland -Japan and the United Kingdom

Cultures with high neutralism-Japan and the United Kingdom Cultures with high emotionalism-The Netherlands and Switzerland

Based on the findings of Dutch researcher Geert Hofstede about the effects of individualism, match the types of nations (in the left column) with their descriptions (in the right column). Nations with high individualism- Nations with low individualism- -They are likely to have more support for the Protestant work ethic, greater individual initiative, and promotions dependent on market value. -They are likely to have less support for the Protestant work ethic, less individual initiative, and promotions dependent on seniority.

Nations with high individualism- They are likely to have more support for the Protestant work ethic, greater individual initiative, and promotions dependent on market value. Nations with low individualism- They are likely to have less support for the Protestant work ethic, less individual initiative, and promotions dependent on seniority.

Match the types of cultures based on the concept of time (in the left column) with their examples (in the right column). Sequential-time cultures Synchronous-time cultures -The United States -Mexico

Sequential-time cultures -The United States Synchronous-time cultures-Mexico

Match the types of cultures based on time orientation (in the left column) with their descriptions (in the right column). Short-term-oriented cultures Long-term-oriented cultures -Students attribute success to effort and failure to lack of effort, and traditions are adaptable to changed circumstances. -Students attribute success and failure to luck, and traditions are sacrosanct.

Short-term-oriented cultures-Students attribute success and failure to luck, and traditions are sacrosanct. Long-term-oriented cultures-Students attribute success to effort and failure to lack of effort, and traditions are adaptable to changed circumstances.

According to F. Elashmawi and Philip R. Harris, match the regions (in the left column) with the cultural values they prioritize (in the right column). The United States- Japan- Arab countries- -Parental guidance -Belonging -Directness

The United States--Directness Japan--Belonging Arab countries--Parental guidance

Select all that apply Which of the following show the significance of the Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness (GLOBE) research program? (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. It studies the different components of the dynamic relationship between the culture and organizational behavior. The nine constructs of the program were explained, conceptualized, and operationalized by a multicultural team of over 100 researchers. The data in each country were collected by foreign investigators who lacked any knowledge and experience in those cultures. It rejects the analyses of cultural attributes and variables published by Geert Hofstede and Fons Trompenaars.

The nine constructs of the program were explained, conceptualized, and operationalized by a multicultural team of over 100 researchers. It studies the different components of the dynamic relationship between the culture and organizational behavior.

Match the types of cultures based on accorded status (in the left column) with their descriptions (in the right column). An achievement culture An ascription culture -A culture in which status is attributed based on who or what a person is -A culture in which people are accorded status based on how well they perform their functions

An achievement culture-A culture in which people are accorded status based on how well they perform their functions An ascription culture-A culture in which status is attributed based on who or what a person is

Match the types of countries based on their indulgence index (in the left column) with the associated regions (in the right column). Countries that show a high indulgence index Countries that show a low indulgence index -They tend to be located in the Americas and Western Europe, including the USA, Australia, Mexico, and Chile. -They tend to be located in Asia and Eastern Europe, including Egypt, Russia, India, and China.

Countries that show a high indulgence index-They tend to be located in the Americas and Western Europe, including the USA, Australia, Mexico, and Chile Countries that show a low indulgence index-They tend to be located in Asia and Eastern Europe, including Egypt, Russia, India, and China.

Match the types of organizations in terms of power distance (in the left column) with their features (in the right column). Firms in high-power-distance countries Firms in low-power-distance countries -They tend to be decentralized and have flatter organization structures. -They are likely to be centralized and have tall organization structures.

Firms in high-power-distance countries -They are likely to be centralized and have tall organization structures. Firms in low-power-distance countries -They tend to be decentralized and have flatter organization structures.

Based on the cultural dimension of indulgence versus restraint identified by Dutch researcher Geert Hofstede, match the types of societies (in the left column) with their features (in the right column). Indulgent societies Restrained societies -There are a higher number of police officers per 100,000 population, and leisure is given lower importance. -Maintaining order in the nation is not given a high priority, and leisure is given higher importance.

Indulgent societies-Maintaining order in the nation is not given a high priority, and leisure is given higher importance. Restrained societies-There are a higher number of police officers per 100,000 population, and leisure is given lower importance.

Match the cultures (in the left column) with the descriptions of the degree to which they are past-, present-, or future-oriented (in the right column). The United States, Italy, and Germany Venezuela, Indonesia, and Spain -The future is more significant than the past or the present. -The present is more important than the past or future.

The United States, Italy, and Germany-The future is more significant than the past or the present. Venezuela, Indonesia, and Spain-The present is more important than the past or future.

Identify a true statement about a low-uncertainty-avoidance firm compared with a high-uncertainty-avoidance firm. The firm has more written rules and less risk taking by managers. The firm has a great deal of structuring of organizational activities. The firm's employees tend to have a strong belief in experts and their knowledge. The firm urges personnel to use their own initiative and assume responsibility for their actions.

The firm urges personnel to use their own initiative and assume responsibility for their actions.

Identify the attributes of countries with a low masculinity index. (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. Young men expect to have careers, and those who do not often view themselves as failures. The workplace is often characterized by high job stress. Several women have higher-level jobs and do not find it necessary to be assertive. Individuals are urged to be group decision makers. The school system is geared toward teaching social adaptation.

The school system is geared toward teaching social adaptation. Several women have higher-level jobs and do not find it necessary to be assertive. Individuals are urged to be group decision makers.

Basic convictions that people have regarding what is right and wrong, good and bad, and important and unimportant are known as ______________________________.

Values

Originally called Confucian Work Dynamism, time orientation is explained by Dutch researcher Geert Hofstede as _____. dealing with society's search for virtue the extent to which less powerful members of institutions accept that power is distributed unequally the tendency of people to look after themselves and their immediate family only dealing with ambiguous situations

dealing with society's search for virtue

When doing business with a past- and present-oriented culture, managers should not _____. agree to future meetings in principle place emphasis on the history and tradition of the culture at any cost fix deadlines for completions find out whether internal relationships will sanction the types of changes to be made

fix deadlines for completions

Unlike people in sequential-time cultures, people in synchronous-time cultures will _____. keep appointments strictly show a strong preference for following plans as they are laid out and not deviating from them do only one activity at a time stop what they are doing to meet and greet a person coming into their office

stop what they are doing to meet and greet a person coming into their office

Match the cultural dimensions listed by the Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness (GLOBE) research program (in the left column) with their descriptions (in the right column). Assertiveness Future orientation Performance orientation Humane orientation -The degree to which individuals in organizations or societies engage in behaviors such as planning, investing, and delaying gratification -The degree to which individuals in firms or societies encourage and reward people for being fair, altruistic, friendly, generous, caring, and kind to others -The degree to which individuals in organizations or societies are confrontational and aggressive in social relationships -The extent to which an organization or society encourages and rewards group members for execution improvement and excellence

Assertiveness-The degree to which individuals in organizations or societies are confrontational and aggressive in social relationships Future orientation-The degree to which individuals in organizations or societies engage in behaviors such as planning, investing, and delaying gratification Performance orientation-The extent to which an organization or society encourages and rewards group members for execution improvement and excellence Humane orientation-The degree to which individuals in firms or societies encourage and reward people for being fair, altruistic, friendly, generous, caring, and kind to others

Select all that apply In the context of a research study on the effects of the U.S. environment on the cultural values of Japanese managers working for Japanese firms in the United States, which of the following are generally very important in Japanese culture? (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. Conditional tenure Paternalism Conformity Informal authority Group orientation

Paternalism Conformity Group orientation

In the context of cultural dimensions, the Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness (GLOBE) research program gives a current comprehensive overview of general stereotypes. True False

True

In the context of the importance given to time periods, match the situations (in the left column) with the guidelines that effective international managers should follow according to Dutch researcher Fons Trompenaars (in the right column). When doing business with future-oriented cultures . When doing business with past- or present-oriented cultures -Managers should place emphasis on the opportunities and limitless scope that any agreement can have. -Managers should place emphasis on the history and tradition of the culture.

When doing business with future-oriented cultures-Managers should place emphasis on the opportunities and limitless scope that any agreement can have. When doing business with past- or present-oriented cultures-Managers should place emphasis on the history and tradition of the culture.

An objective of the Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness (GLOBE) research program is to _____. . focus on businesses in ascriptions cultures rather than the ones in achievement cultures establish guidelines that let a manager deal with people regardless of their beliefs and attitudes integrate cultures that have low uncertainty avoidance with those that have high masculinity provide a worldwide standard guideline that lets managers focus on local specialization

provide a worldwide standard guideline that lets managers focus on local specialization

A feature of countries with a high masculinity index is that _____. achievement is defined in terms of layman contacts and the living environment individuals are encouraged to be group decision makers they place great importance on a friendly atmosphere they emphasize earnings, recognition, advancement, and challenge

they emphasize earnings, recognition, advancement, and challenge

Match the types of cultures based on the aspects of public space and private space (in the left column) with their examples (in the right column). Cultures that are highly specific Cultures that are highly diffuse -Germany -The United States

Cultures that are highly specific-The United States Cultures that are highly diffuse-Germany

Match the types of uncertainty-avoidance societies (in the left column) with their features (in the right column). High-uncertainty-avoidance societies Low-uncertainty-avoidance societies They have a great deal of structuring of organizational activities, more written rules, less risk taking by managers, lower labor turnover, and less ambitious employees. They have organizational settings with less structuring of activities, fewer written rules, more risk taking by managers, higher labor turnover, and more ambitious employees.

High-uncertainty-avoidance societies-They have a great deal of structuring of organizational activities, more written rules, less risk taking by managers, lower labor turnover, and less ambitious employees. Low-uncertainty-avoidance societies-They have organizational settings with less structuring of activities, fewer written rules, more risk taking by managers, higher labor turnover, and more ambitious employees.

Identify the true statements about values. (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. They are based on the genetically driven adaptive process of human beings. They help guide a person's behavior. They are acquired from the culture in which an individual is reared. They are inherited or biologically based.

They help guide a person's behavior. They are acquired from the culture in which an individual is reared

The extent to which people feel threatened by ambiguous situations and have created beliefs and institutions that try to avoid these is known as ___________ _______________.

Uncertainty Avoidance

Match the cultural dimensions identified by the Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness (GLOBE) research program (in the left column) with their definitions (in the right column). Uncertainty avoidance Power distance Collectivism I: societal collectivism Collectivism II: in-group collectivism -The extent to which members of an organization or society strive to keep away from unsureness by reliance on social norms, rituals, and bureaucratic practices to alleviate the unpredictability of events -The degree to which organizational and social institutional practices encourage and reward collaborative distribution of resources and collaborative action -The degree to which members of an organization or society expect and agree that authority should be unequally shared -The degree to which individuals show pride, loyalty, and cohesiveness in their organizations or families

Uncertainty avoidance-The extent to which members of an organization or society strive to keep away from unsureness by reliance on social norms, rituals, and bureaucratic practices to alleviate the unpredictability of events Power distance-The degree to which members of an organization or society expect and agree that authority should be unequally shared Collectivism I: societal collectivism-The degree to which organizational and social institutional practices encourage and reward collaborative distribution of resources and collaborative action Collectivism II: in-group collectivism-The degree to which individuals show pride, loyalty, and cohesiveness in their organizations or families

Match the types of organizations in terms of power distance (in the left column) with their descriptions based on their workforce (in the right column). Firms in high-power-distance countries- . Firms in low-power-distance countries- . -They will have a smaller proportion of supervisory personnel, and the lower strata of the workforce often will include highly qualified people. -They will have a large proportion of supervisory personnel, and the people at the lower strata of the workforce often will have low job qualifications.

Firms in high-power-distance countries-They will have a large proportion of supervisory personnel, and the people at the lower strata of the workforce often will have low job qualifications. Firms in low-power-distance countries- They will have a smaller proportion of supervisory personnel, and the lower strata of the workforce often will include highly qualified people.

Match the types of cultures based on the aspects of public space and private space (in the left column) with their descriptions (in the right column). A specific culture- A diffuse culture- -A culture in which individuals have a large public space they readily let others enter and share and a small private space they guard closely and share with only close friends and associates -A culture in which public space and private space are similar in size and individuals guard their public space carefully because entry into public space affords entry into private space as well

A specific culture-A culture in which individuals have a large public space they readily let others enter and share and a small private space they guard closely and share with only close friends and associates A diffuse culture--A culture in which public space and private space are similar in size and individuals guard their public space carefully because entry into public space affords entry into private space as well