Renal system
proximal convoluted tubule
70% of sodium reabsorption occurs where?
permeable to ions but not water
As glomerular filtrate moves through the ascending loop of Henle, the filtrate becomes more dilute: why?
uremia
Syndrome that incorporates all signs and symptoms seen in various systems throughout the body Often occurs when the GFR is 10 mL/min or lower
oliguric phase
Urinary output less than 400 mL/day Occurs within 1 to 7 days after injury Lasts 10 to 14 days Urinalysis may show casts, RBCs, WBCs Nonoliuric- still can urinate efficienty but shos signs of excess creatine Anuria <50 ml/day not common (significant damage)
proximal convoluted tubule
Which of the following anatomical portion of a nephron connects the Bowman's capsule to the loop of Henle?
creatinine
Which of the following has a rate of urinary excretion (units of solute per unit time) that is almost always identical to its rate of glomerular filtration in a healthy adult? glucose, sodium, chloride or creatinine?
glucose
Which of the following has a rate of urinary excretion (units of solute per unit time) that is always much lower than its rate of glomerular filtration in a healthy adult? sodium, glucose, potassium, or urea?
renin, sodium chloride
______ is released by a decrease in BP in the afferent arterioles, decreased _____ ______ concentration in the distal convoluted tubule, sympathetic nerve stimulation of B-adrenergic receptors on the juxtaglomerular cells, and the release of prostaglandins
cystotomy
a treatment for a urinary tract calculi that puts scope in bladder and break, then extract stone
hydroureter
accumulation of urine in the ureter
renal insufficiency
decline in renal function to about 25% of normal or a GFR of 25 to 30 ml/min
hydronephrosis
dilation of both the ureter and the pelvicaliceal system
distal convoluted tubule
largely responsible for reabsorbing water as required to produce urine at a concentration that maintains body fluid homeostasis.
renal colic
moderate to severe pain often originating in the flank and radiating to the groin, usually indicates obstruction of the renal pelvis or proximal ureter
uromodulin
most abundant protein in human urine that binds to uropathogens to prevent UTIs, kidney stone formation, and is associated with progression of kidney disease
vitamin D
necessary for the absorption of calcium and phosphate by the small intestine
supersaturation
presence of a higher concentration of salt within a fluid (urine) than the volume is able to dissolve to maintain equilibruim
glomerulotubular balance
prevention of wide fluctuations in the excretion of sodium and water into the urine
crystallization
process by which crystals grow from a small nidus or nucleus to larger stones inn the presence of supersaturated urine
countercurrent exchange system
production of concentrated urine by the fluid flowing in opposite directions through parallel tubes of the loop of henle
loop of henle
responsible for concentrating or diluting the tubular fluid using a process called countercurrent multiplication
net filtration pressure
sum of forces favoring and opposing filtration
tubular reabsorption
the process that moves solutes and water out of the filtrate and back into your bloodstream
endothelium
this has relatively large pores (70-100 nanometers in diameter), which solutes, plasma proteins and fluid can pass through, but not blood cells.
epithelium
this layer consists of specialized cells called podocytes. These cells are attached to the basement membrane by foot processes (pedicels). They wrap around the capillaries, but leave slits between them, known as filtration slits. A thin diaphragm between the slits acts as a final filtration barrier before the fluid enters the glomerular space.
basement membrane
this membrane is also made up of three layers, and is fused to the endothelial layer. Its job is to prevent plasma proteins from being filtered out of the bloodstream.
dysuria, increased frequency and urgency
what are 3 symptoms of a lower UTI?
mascula densa cells
what are the sodium sensing cells?
high fever, flank pain
what are two major symptoms of a upper UTI?
bladder
what is the most common site of a UTI?
90 - 120 mL/min
what is the normal GFR?
natriuretic peptides (ANP)
when the heart dilates, it inhibits sodium and water absorption by kidney tubules, inhibit secretion of renin and aldosterone, vasodilates the afferent arterioles, and constricts the efferent arterioles......result is increased urine formation and decreased BP
matrix
where are components of a kidney stone embedded?
loop of henle, distal tubules, and collecting duct
where does urine concentration or dilution occur?
Bowman's capsule, proximal tubule, descending loop of Henle, ascending loop of Henle, distal tubule
trace the route of glomerular filtrate on its path to the collecting duct of a nephron....
tubular secretion
transfer of substances from the plasma of the peritubular capillary to the tubular lumen
lithotripsy
treatment for a urinary tract calculi; send shock waves using ultrasounds. Shock waves breaks stone from vibration so stone can pass through urine
hematuria, proteniuria
two major symptoms of chronic glomerular nephritis?