Chapter 1 - The Human Body: An Orientation

Developmental anatomy studies _____ and _____ _____ throughout ____.

Anatomical; physiological development; life

Chemical level

Atoms, molecules, and organelles

Voluntary movement of ____ ____ via _____ _____.

Body parts; skeletal muscles

Catabolism (_____ _____ large substances) + Anabolism ( putting ____ substances _____ to make ____ ____) = _________

Breaking down; small; together; big ones; Metabolism

Cytology is the microscopic study of ____ using an _____ _____.

Cells; electron microscope

Organization of the human body, from the smallest level to the whole level

Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal

Organ level

Contains two or more types of tissues

_______ refers to movement at the cellular level.

Contractility

______ is the study of developments before birth.

Embryology

Physiology is the study of the _____ of _____ _____ and how they work to carry out ____-_________ activities.

Function; body parts; life sustaining

Tissue level

Groups of similar cells (specialized)

At the cellular level, reproduction involves division of cells for ______ or _____.

Growth; repair

Hyperthyroidism

Higher metabolism

Growth is an _______ in size of a body part or of organism

Increase

Digestion is the breakdown of ______ foodstuffs, followed by ______ of simple molecules into ____.

Ingested; absorption; blood

Anatomy and physiology are ______ because the principle of ______ of structure and function explains that what a structure can do depends on its _____ _____.

Inseparable; complementarity; specific form

For life to exist, separation between _____ and _____ environments must exist.

Internal; external

Surface anatomy looks at _____ structures as they relate to overlying ____ (visible muscle masses or veins seen ____ ____)

Internal; skin; on surface

Interstitial fluid exists outside of the cells in the ______ space, helps in exchange of _____, _____, and _____.

Interstitial; nutrients; gases; waste

Hypothyroidism

Lower metabolism

Gross or ______ anatomy is the study of ____, ____ structures.

Macroscopic; large; visible

Maintenance of life involves 8 things:

Maintaining boundaries Movement Responsiveness Digestion Metabolism Excretion Reproduction Growth

Excretion is the removal of wastes from ______ and _____.

Metabolism; digestion

______ anatomy deals with structures too small to be seen by the ____ ____.

Microscopic; naked eye

Over time, _________ ________ determines functional structures.

Natural selection

At the _______ level, ______ is the production of offspring.

Organismal; reproduction

Organ system level

Organs that work closely together

Urea comes from the breakdown of _____, _____ _____ comes from metabolism, and feces come from _____ _____.

Proteins; carbon dioxide; unabsorbed foods

Responsiveness is the ability to ____ and ____ to stimuli.

Sense; respond

Cellular level

Single cell

Anatomy is the study of the _____ of _____ _____.

Structure; body parts

Involuntary movement of _____ via _____ muscle (blood) and _____ muscle (digestion, urination).

Substances; cardiac; smooth

____ anatomy looks at just ____ ____ system (nervous, muscular, etc.)

System; just one

Histology is the microscopic study of ____ (muscular, nervous, connective, epithelial).

Tissues

______ reflex prevents injury/death.

Withdrawal

Organismal level

All organ systems combined to make the whole organism

Metabolism is ____ chemical reactions that occur in ____ ____.

All; body cells

Regional anatomy looks at ____ structures in a ______ area of the body.

All; particular