Chapter 1: The Science and Scope of Nutrition, Nutrition Chapter 1- Science of Nutrition, Ch. 1 Summertime Quiz
Carbohydrates provide _____ kcal/gm
4
proteins provide ____ kcal/gm
4
what is the value of energy yielding food for carbohydrates?
4g
what is the value of energy yielding food for proteins?
4g
about ______ nutrients are considered essential
50
what is the value of energy yielding food for alcohol?
7g
Lipids provide ______ kcal/gm
9
what is the value of energy yielding food for lipids?
9g
What DRI value is expressed as a percent of total calories?
AMDR;
What are the ABCDE's of a nutritional assessment?
Anthropometric,biochemical, clinical, dietary, environmental
What are the 6 nutrients?
Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, water, vitamins, minerals
Dietary excesses play a major role in promoting what type of diseases?
Chronic diesases
After gathering sufficient evidence to generate an _____ for a nutrient, that value is used to establish an RDA for the same nutrient
EAR
What DRI value is used in setting the RDAs?
EAR
T/F: Vitamins supply energy
False
______ _______ ________ is a report issued in 2010 by DHHS, Public Heath Servic that provides 10 year goals for improving health
Healthy people 2020
what are the leading causes of death in US that diet plays a role in? (6)
Heart disease, cancer, cerebrovascular disease (stroke), diabetes, alzheimers, kidney disease
Factors that affect our food choices 15
Hunger vs appetite, flavor, texture, appearance, culture, lifestyle, routines and habits, food cost and availability, environment, food marketing, nutrition concerns, knowledge and beliefs
How is energy measured in food?
Kilocalorie
________,___________, and _________ influence disease risk
Lifestyle, diet, genetics
What are the two essential unsaturated fatty acids?
Linoleic acid and linolenic acid
what are the 4 functions of water?
Lubricant, solvent, transportation medium, regulates body temperature
Water is classified as what type of nutrient ?
Macronutrient
What is the first step in the scientific process?
Make observations
Vitamines & Minerals are classified as what type of nutrients and why ?
Micronutrients; Required in small quantities
Although not nutrients, _____ are commonly found in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains and are beneficial to human health.
Phytochemical's
What chemicals provide health benefits and give plant foods their color, aroma, and flavor?
Phytochemicals
What are the subcategories of carbohydrates
Simple and complex
The results of many similar experiments must be consistent for a hypothesis to become a _____.
Theory
What is true of all nutrients, including both those that are essential and those that are not?
They are essential for body functions
What are the functional categories of nutrients (3)
Those that primarily provide energy, those that regulate body processes, those that promote growth and development and later maintenance
Which type of fatty acid should we avoid?
Trans fatty acids
What DRI values should NOT be used when planning your diet?
UL;
What are the limitations of nutritional assessment?
Unspecific symptoms and signs, signs and symptoms take long time to develop, long time between development and clinical evidence
What 9 vitamins make up water soluble vitamins? (B,B,BB,C,N,R,P,T)
Vitamin C and B complex (thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, B-6, pantothenic acid, biotin, folate, b-12
What class of nutrients are organic compounds that are required in small quantities?
Vitamines
What are the 4 fat-soluble vitamins
Vitamins A,D,E,K
placebo
a "fake" treatment
obesity
a condition characterized by accumulating excess body fat, generally associated with adverse health effects
nutrient deficiency
a condition resulting from insufficient supply of essential nutrients through dietary inadequac or impaired absorption or use
national health and nutrition examination survey (NHANES)
a group of studies designed to assess the health and nutritional status of adults and children in the United States
scientific method
a specific series of steps that involves a hypothesis, measurements and data gathering, and interpretation of results
malnutrition
a state of undernutrition or overnutrition caused by inadequate, excessive, or unbalanced intake of calories and/or essential nutrients
fats
a term for triglycerides, a subclass of lipids, that are the primary form of fat in our food and our bodies
water
an essential nutrient that has critical functions in the body
Much of what we know about human nutritional needs is generated from lab ______ experiments
animal
_______ _______ are used when it is unethical to conduct research on human model
animal model
a ______ _________ can be used when a disease in laboratory animals mimics a human disease
animal model
a ___________ assessment involves measuring various aspects of the body, including height, weight,
anthropometric
placebo effect
apparent effect experienced by a patient in response to a "fake" treatment due to the patient's expectation of an effect
How to evaluate Reliable source of nutritional information: (5)
apply basic nutrition principles, evaluate the claims critically, examine the scientific credentials or author, examine the study cited, beware of hype
a _________ assessment include the measurement of the concentrations of nutrients and nutrient by-products in the blood, urine, feces, and specific blood enzyme activities
biochemical
Proteins are the main structural material in the body, and components in ______, ______ ______, _________, and ________ _________
blood, cell membranes, enzymes, immune factors
Energy uses of Energy producing nutrients (5)
build new compounds, heat production, maintain ion balance with cells, perform muscular movements, promote nerve transmission
What are the 4 Macronutrients?
carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, water
Carbohydrates are made up of which elements
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
a ________-_________ study studies when individuals with like characteristics with a disease are compared to those without disease
case-control
nutrients
chemical substances obtained from food that are essential for body function; needed for metabolism, growth, development, reproduction, and tissue maintenance and repair.
________ assessment is where health-case providers search for any physical evidence of diet related disease
clinical
__________ undernutrition: sign can be seen, ex: flaky skin.
clinical
phytochemicals (phytonutrients)
compounds found in plant foods that are physiologically active and beneficial to human health; not considered essential nutrients
carbohydrates
compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atom that are found in foods as either simple sugars or complex carbohydrates (starch and fiber)
_________ assessments examine how often a person eats certain types of foods (called a food frequency), the types of foods eaten over a long period of time (food history), and typical intake, such as foods eaten in the last 24 hours or several days.
dietary
DSHEA stands for
dietary supplement health and education act of 1994
chronic disease
diseases that are generally slow in progression ad of long duration; e.g., heart disease and diabetes
a _______-_______ study studies participants who receive a treatment and those who receive a placebo. All parties involved are unaware who is in which group
double blind
__________ assessment provides information on the person's education and economic background.
environmental
a _________ study is the study of disease populations
epidemiological
It is observed that those who report the highest intake of added sugars in their diet are at an increased risk of developing diabetes and heart disease. What kind of study is this?
epidemiological study
substance essential for health that the body cannot make or makes in quantities too small to support heath.
essential nutrient
estimated energy requirements (EER)
estimated number of calories per day required to maintain energy equilibrium in a healthy adult; this value is dependent on age, sex, height, weight, and level of physical activity
adequate intake (AI)
estimated value for recommended daily nutrient intake level used when there is insufficient evidence to determine a specific RDA
overnutrition
excess intake or imbalance of calories and/or essential nutrients relative to need that results in adverse health effects
______-_______ vitamins are more easily stored in the body, and therefore greater risk of toxicity
fat-soluble
______-________ vitamins have to bind to fat in order to be absorbed, and will travel to and store in fatty tissues
fat-soluble
Triglycerides are made up of __________ ______ and ___________-
fatty acids and glycerol
registered dietitian
food and nutrition expert who has met the minimum academic and professional requirements to qualify for the credential
What are the 4 primary food sources of carbohydrates?
fruits, vegetables, grains, and beans
_________ _________ increase risk for some diseases
genetic mutations
helping people attain high-quality, longer lives free of preventable disease, disability, injury, and premature death are the main objectives of?
healthy people 2020
undernutrition
inadequate nourishment caused by insufficient dietary intake of one or more essential nutrients or poor absorption and/or use of nutrients in the body
__________ DOES NOT contain carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms in the chemical structure.
inorganic
minerals
inorganic individual chemical elements obtained through foods that are essential in human nutrition
what are the 4 trace minerals? (CISZ)
iron, zinc, copper, selenium
A peer-reviewed paper is one that:
is critiqued by other scientists who publish in the same area of research
_______ is the amount of heat energy it takes to raise the temperature of 1000 g of water 1 degree.
kilocalorie
any calorie on a food label is a _________
kilocalorie
proteins
large molecules consisting of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen assembled in one or more chains of amino acids
______ is a fatty tissue that can collect and store fat soluble vitamins
liver
Nutrients needed in large amounts are called
macronutrients
______ minerals are required in gram amounts
major
Scientific method in field of nutrition (6 steps)
make observation and ask questions, generate hypothesis, conduct research experiments, other scientists evaluate findings and publish, follow up experiments to confirm or extend finding, accept or reject hypothesis
Undernutrition and over nutrition are both considered _________-
malnutrition
nutrients needed in small amounts are called
micronutrients
a _____________ study studies the changes in health of people who move from one place to another
migrant
research approaches to learn more about nutrition
migrant studies, cohort studies, case control studies, double-blind studies
____ work in groups of one or more of same atoms (sodium or potassium), or as mineral combinations (calcium with phosphorous compounds found in bones)
minerals
______ are inorganic compounds required for body functions
minerals
________ cant be destroyed during cooking and yield no energy, but are required for body functions such as nervous, skeletal, and water balance)
minerals
What are the 3 functional nutrients that provide energy?
most carbohydrates, proteins, most lipids (fats and oils)
What elements do proteins contain? (4)
nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
essential nutrients
nutrients that must be supplied through food because the body itself cannot produce/synthesize sufficient quantities to meet its needs
_____ is the nutrients and the substances therein; their action, interaction, and balance in relation to food and disease
nutrition
_______ is the process by which the organism ingests, digests, absorbs, transports, utilizes and excretes food substances.
nutrition
_________ is the "science of food"
nutrition
what are the nutritional health statuses? (3)
optimal (desirable) undernutrition, overnutrition
_______ contains carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms in the chemical structure
organic
vitamins
organic compounds that are required in small quantities for specific functions in the body
All vitamins are ________, and there are ____ known essential vitamins
organic, 13
Before results are published, work is critically reviewed by other scientists familiar with the subject
peer review
the objective of a ________ ______ is to ensure the most unbiased, objective findings from carefully designed and executed research studies are published.
peer review
__________ are plant foods that come from vegetables, fruits, and whole grains
phytochemicals
_________ and _________ are physiologically active compounds in foods that provide benefits but are not essential nutrients
phytochemicals, zoochemicals
the _________ ___________ is when participants feel better or improve simply because they are in a study or receiving a new/different drug treatment (even if its not the actual new drug or treatment being studied)
placebo effect
_____ are formed by the bonding of amino acids
proteins
_______ are the main structural material in the body, and are the components in blood, cell membranes, enzymes and immune factors
proteins
What are the 5 functional nutrients that promote growth and development
proteins, lipids, some vitamins, some minerals, water
what are the 5 functional nutrients that regulate body processes
proteins, some lipids, some vitamins, some minerals, water
dietary reference intakes (DRI)
reference values for vitamins, minerals, macronutrients, and energy that are used to assess and plan the diets of healthy people in the United States and Canada
A chemical found in food that helps to reduce inflammation in the body is
resveratrol
What are the 5 major minerals (CPCPS)
sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphorus
Criteria for determining essential nutrients (3)
specific biological function, removing it from the diet leads to decline in human biological function, adding the original substance back before permanent damage occurs restores biological function to normal.
kilocalories (kcal)
standard unit to measure energy provided by food
Where do complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides) come from (5)
starch, glycogen, potatoes, legumes, fiber
_______ undernutrition: developing but signs not noticeable yet (no overt signs)
subclinical
___________ do NOT require FDA approval and do NOT need to be proven effective if "reasonably safe" with a history of use
supplements
_______ is when change in bodily function is not necessarily apparent
symptom
Where do the 4 simple carbohydrates come from?
table sugar (sucrose), blood sugar (glucose), fruit sugar (fructose, and milk sugar (lactose)
micronutrients
term used to describe nutrients essential in our daily diet to maintain good health, but required only in small amounts; e.g., vitamins and minerals
macronutrient
term used to describe nutrients that we require in relative large daily amounts, e.g., carbohydrates, proteins, water, and fats.
estimated average requirement (EAR)
the average nutrient intake levels estimates to meet the daily requirements of half of the healthy individuals for the different sexes and life-stage groups
energy
the capacity to do work; obtained through the breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats in foods and beverages
tolerable upper intake level (UL)
the maximum amount of nutrient allowed that has been proven to have no risk of side effects
acceptable macronutrient distribution range (AMDR)
the range of energy intakes that should come from each macronutrient to provide a balanced diet
recommended dietary allowance (RDA)
the recommended nutrient intake levels that meet the daily needs and decrease risks of chronic disease in almost all healthy people for different sexes and life-stage groups
nutrition
the study of dietary intake and behavior as well as the nutrients and constituents in food including their use in the body and influence on human health
overnutrition leads to ________ or _______ (excess energy nutrients)
toxicity, obesity
______ minerals are required in amounts less than 100 mg daily
trace
______ are the key energy source and fat storage in our bodies
triglycerides
_______ are great for energy because they have more bonds to break
triglycerides
_________ are lipids that are a major form of fat in food
triglycerides
_________ enable chemical reactions and provide no usable energy
vitamins
what are the 2 micronutrients?
vitamins and minerals
_________-________ vitamins tend to stay in water compartments in the body like the blood.
water soluble
______-________ vitamins are more easily excreted from the body via kidneys/urine
water-soluble
_______-_________ vitamins are easily destroyed by cooking
water-soluble
which macronutrient is required in the largest quantity, and where does it come from?
water; beverages and foods, and metabolism
__________ come from foods of animal origin, such as fish, omega 3 fatty acids, and probiotics
zoochemicals
