Chapter 1 - True / False
Stem Cell Network
A Canadian venture that fosters ethical stem cell research by bringing together more than 70 individuals to examine the therapeutic potential of stem cells.
Homeostatic Control System
A homeostatic control system is a functionally interconnected network of body components that operate to maintain a given factor in the internal environment relatively constant around an optimal level.
Integrator or Control Centre
A region that determines efferent output based on processing of afferent input
Feedforward Mechanism
A response designed to prevent an anticipated change in a controlled variable.
Plasma Membrane
An extremely thin, oily barrier, that encloses the contents of each cell, separating these chemicals from those outside of the cell.
Tissues
Combined cells of similar structure and specialized function.
Epithelial Tissue
Consists of cells specialized for exchanging materials between the cell and its environment.
Intrinsic (local) controls
Controls built into or are inherent in an organ to maintain an optimum level.
Endocrine glands
Ductless glands that secrete hormones into the blood.
Teleological Approach
Explains body functions in terms of meeting a bodily need, without considering how this outcome is accomplished - it emphasizes the "why" or the purpose of body processes.
With negative feedback, a control system's input and output continue to enhance each other.
False
The nervous system is an intrinsic control system. (True or False)
False - Extrinsic control.
There are five primary tissue types in the human body.
False - Four
Control systems that operate to maintain homeostasis can be grouped into two classes: intra-cellular and extracellular.
False - Intrinsic and Extrinsic
To sustain life, the internal environment must be maintained in an absolutely unchanging state.
False - It must be maintained in a dynamic steady state within limits compatible with life.
Homeostasis maintains body systems to enhance the survival of cells. (True or False)
False - It's reversed.
Every system is composed of organs that are present in no other system. (True or False)
False - Some organs are in several systems.
A mechanistic explanation of why a person sweats is to "cool off."
False - This a teleological explanation of why a person sweats.
There are four major types of muscle tissue in the human.
False - Three
Endocrine glands have ducts
False - exocrine
With a mechanistic approach, phenomena that occur in the body are explained in terms of their particular purpose in fulfilling a bodily need, without considering how this outcome is accomplished.
False - teleological
Glands
Glands are epithelial tissue derivatives specialized for secreting.
Body Systems
Groups of organs. Each system is collection of organs that perform related functions and interact to accomplish a common activity.
Exercise Physiology
Grow out of the sub-discipline, sport physiology. It is the study of how the structures and functions of our bodies are altered when exposed to both acute (short-term) and chronic (long-term) sessions of exercise or recreational physical activity.
Homeostasis
Homeostasis is the maintenance of a steady state in the body. Maintenance by the highly coordinated, regulated actions of the body systems of relatively stable chemical and physical conditions in the internal fluid environment that bathes the body's cells.
Organisms
Independent living entities.
Connective Tissue
Is distinguished by having relatively few cells dispersed within an abundance of extracellular material. Connects and supports, and anchors various body parts.
Sensor
Monitors the magnitude of the controlled variable.
Extrinsic Controls
Most factors in the internal environment are maintained by extrinsic controls, which are regulatory mechanisms initiated outside an organ to alter the activity of the organ.
Mechanistic Approach
Physiologists view the body as a machine whose mechanisms of action can be explained in terms of cause-and-effect sequences of physical and chemical processes.
Physiology
Physiology is the study of the functions of living things.
Feedback
Refers to responses made after a change has been detected. The term feedforward is used for responses made in anticipation of a change.
Pathophysiology
Refers to the abnormal functioning of the body (altered physiology) associated with disease.
Feedback
Responses made after a change has been detected.
Controlled Variable
Room temperature is a factor that can vary but is held within a very narrow range by a control system.
Anatomy
Structure of the body.
Cell
The basic fundamental unit of both structure and function in the living being. The smallest unit capable of carrying out the processes associated with life.
Lumen
The cavity within a hollow organ or tube.
Effector
The component of the control system commanded to bring about the desired effect.
Set Point
The desired temperature setting on a thermostat.
Intracellular fluid
The fluid contained within all body cells.
Extracellular Fluid (ECF)
The fluid outside the cells. The extracellular fluid is the internal environment of the body, the fluid environment in which the cells live.
Plasma
The fluid portion of the blood.
Interstitial fluid
The fluid which surrounds and bathes the cells.
Internal Environment
The internal environment is watery with which the body cells are in direct contact and make life-sustaining exchanges.
Positive Feedback
The output enhances or amplifies a change so that the controlled variable continues to move in the direction of the initial change.
Secretion
The release from a cell, in response to appropriate stimulation, of specific products that have been produced by a cell.
Physiology
The study of the functions of living things.
Integrator or Control Centre
The thermostat acts as an integrator, it compares the sensor's input with the set point and adjusts the heat output of the furnace to bring about the appropriate effect, or response, to oppose a deviation from the set point.
All definitive actions initiated by nervous tissue are either muscle contractions or glandular secretions.
True
Cells require homeostasis, body systems maintain homeostasis, and cells make up body systems.
True
Connective Tissue is distinguished by having relatively few cells dispersed within an abundance of extracellular material.
True
Connective tissue may also be called supporting tissue.
True
Defense against micro-organisms is one of the functions of the immune system.
True
Feed-forward mechanisms occur frequently in the digestive system.
True
Glands are formed during embryonic development by pockets of epithelial tissue that dip inward from the surface.
True
Humans are multi-cellular organisms.
True
Most human cells can be cultured. That is, when removed from the body, they will continue to live and reproduce when supplied with appropriate nutrients and other supportive materials.
True
The endocrine system is a major control system. (True or False)
True
The integumentary system plays a role in protecting the body.
True
The nervous and endocrine systems play a major role in integration and coordination in the human.
True
The uterus is in the pelvic cavity.
True
Tissues perform functions that are specializations of the normal function of individual cells. (True or False)
True
Exercise Physiologist
Typically specializes in either health or fitness or exercise rehabilitation. Exercise is used as a treatment strategy in physical rehabilitation and disease prevention.
Cell differentiation
Your body is made up of many different specialized cells. During development of complex multi-cellular such as humans, each cell differentiates or becomes specialized.
The most common atoms in the body — ____, _____, _____, and ______— make up approximately ___ percent of total body chemistry.
oxygen,carbon,hydrogen,nitrogen 96%
Exocrine Glands
secrete through ducts to the outside of the body (or into a cavity that communicates with the outside).