Chapter 1 - True / False

Stem Cell Network

A Canadian venture that fosters ethical stem cell research by bringing together more than 70 individuals to examine the therapeutic potential of stem cells.

Homeostatic Control System

A homeostatic control system is a functionally interconnected network of body components that operate to maintain a given factor in the internal environment relatively constant around an optimal level.

Integrator or Control Centre

A region that determines efferent output based on processing of afferent input

Feedforward Mechanism

A response designed to prevent an anticipated change in a controlled variable.

Plasma Membrane

An extremely thin, oily barrier, that encloses the contents of each cell, separating these chemicals from those outside of the cell.

Tissues

Combined cells of similar structure and specialized function.

Epithelial Tissue

Consists of cells specialized for exchanging materials between the cell and its environment.

Intrinsic (local) controls

Controls built into or are inherent in an organ to maintain an optimum level.

Endocrine glands

Ductless glands that secrete hormones into the blood.

Teleological Approach

Explains body functions in terms of meeting a bodily need, without considering how this outcome is accomplished - it emphasizes the "why" or the purpose of body processes.

With negative feedback, a control system's input and output continue to enhance each other.

False

The nervous system is an intrinsic control system. (True or False)

False - Extrinsic control.

There are five primary tissue types in the human body.

False - Four

Control systems that operate to maintain homeostasis can be grouped into two classes: intra-cellular and extracellular.

False - Intrinsic and Extrinsic

To sustain life, the internal environment must be maintained in an absolutely unchanging state.

False - It must be maintained in a dynamic steady state within limits compatible with life.

Homeostasis maintains body systems to enhance the survival of cells. (True or False)

False - It's reversed.

Every system is composed of organs that are present in no other system. (True or False)

False - Some organs are in several systems.

A mechanistic explanation of why a person sweats is to "cool off."

False - This a teleological explanation of why a person sweats.

There are four major types of muscle tissue in the human.

False - Three

Endocrine glands have ducts

False - exocrine

With a mechanistic approach, phenomena that occur in the body are explained in terms of their particular purpose in fulfilling a bodily need, without considering how this outcome is accomplished.

False - teleological

Glands

Glands are epithelial tissue derivatives specialized for secreting.

Body Systems

Groups of organs. Each system is collection of organs that perform related functions and interact to accomplish a common activity.

Exercise Physiology

Grow out of the sub-discipline, sport physiology. It is the study of how the structures and functions of our bodies are altered when exposed to both acute (short-term) and chronic (long-term) sessions of exercise or recreational physical activity.

Homeostasis

Homeostasis is the maintenance of a steady state in the body. Maintenance by the highly coordinated, regulated actions of the body systems of relatively stable chemical and physical conditions in the internal fluid environment that bathes the body's cells.

Organisms

Independent living entities.

Connective Tissue

Is distinguished by having relatively few cells dispersed within an abundance of extracellular material. Connects and supports, and anchors various body parts.

Sensor

Monitors the magnitude of the controlled variable.

Extrinsic Controls

Most factors in the internal environment are maintained by extrinsic controls, which are regulatory mechanisms initiated outside an organ to alter the activity of the organ.

Mechanistic Approach

Physiologists view the body as a machine whose mechanisms of action can be explained in terms of cause-and-effect sequences of physical and chemical processes.

Physiology

Physiology is the study of the functions of living things.

Feedback

Refers to responses made after a change has been detected. The term feedforward is used for responses made in anticipation of a change.

Pathophysiology

Refers to the abnormal functioning of the body (altered physiology) associated with disease.

Feedback

Responses made after a change has been detected.

Controlled Variable

Room temperature is a factor that can vary but is held within a very narrow range by a control system.

Anatomy

Structure of the body.

Cell

The basic fundamental unit of both structure and function in the living being. The smallest unit capable of carrying out the processes associated with life.

Lumen

The cavity within a hollow organ or tube.

Effector

The component of the control system commanded to bring about the desired effect.

Set Point

The desired temperature setting on a thermostat.

Intracellular fluid

The fluid contained within all body cells.

Extracellular Fluid (ECF)

The fluid outside the cells. The extracellular fluid is the internal environment of the body, the fluid environment in which the cells live.

Plasma

The fluid portion of the blood.

Interstitial fluid

The fluid which surrounds and bathes the cells.

Internal Environment

The internal environment is watery with which the body cells are in direct contact and make life-sustaining exchanges.

Positive Feedback

The output enhances or amplifies a change so that the controlled variable continues to move in the direction of the initial change.

Secretion

The release from a cell, in response to appropriate stimulation, of specific products that have been produced by a cell.

Physiology

The study of the functions of living things.

Integrator or Control Centre

The thermostat acts as an integrator, it compares the sensor's input with the set point and adjusts the heat output of the furnace to bring about the appropriate effect, or response, to oppose a deviation from the set point.

All definitive actions initiated by nervous tissue are either muscle contractions or glandular secretions.

True

Cells require homeostasis, body systems maintain homeostasis, and cells make up body systems.

True

Connective Tissue is distinguished by having relatively few cells dispersed within an abundance of extracellular material.

True

Connective tissue may also be called supporting tissue.

True

Defense against micro-organisms is one of the functions of the immune system.

True

Feed-forward mechanisms occur frequently in the digestive system.

True

Glands are formed during embryonic development by pockets of epithelial tissue that dip inward from the surface.

True

Humans are multi-cellular organisms.

True

Most human cells can be cultured. That is, when removed from the body, they will continue to live and reproduce when supplied with appropriate nutrients and other supportive materials.

True

The endocrine system is a major control system. (True or False)

True

The integumentary system plays a role in protecting the body.

True

The nervous and endocrine systems play a major role in integration and coordination in the human.

True

The uterus is in the pelvic cavity.

True

Tissues perform functions that are specializations of the normal function of individual cells. (True or False)

True

Exercise Physiologist

Typically specializes in either health or fitness or exercise rehabilitation. Exercise is used as a treatment strategy in physical rehabilitation and disease prevention.

Cell differentiation

Your body is made up of many different specialized cells. During development of complex multi-cellular such as humans, each cell differentiates or becomes specialized.

The most common atoms in the body — ____, _____, _____, and ______— make up approximately ___ percent of total body chemistry.

oxygen,carbon,hydrogen,nitrogen 96%

Exocrine Glands

secrete through ducts to the outside of the body (or into a cavity that communicates with the outside).