Chapter 1: What did you Learn?

Describe the difference between the directional terms: superior and inferior

Superior is a directional term that means 'closer to the head'. Inferior is a directional term that means 'closer to the feet'

What type of plane would separate the nose and mouth into superior and inferior structures?

A transverse (horizontal) plane would separate the nose and mouth into superior and inferior structures.

What properties are common to all living things?

All living things exhibit the same basic characteristics: 1. Organization - a complex structure and order 2. Metabolism - various chemical reactions 3. Growth and Development - increase in size and increased specialization 4. Responsiveness - sense and respond to change in internal or external environment 5. Adaptation - alter structure, process, or trait to increase reproductive success 6. Regulation - control mechanisms to maintain constant internal environment 7. Reproduction - production of new cells for growth, maintenance, and repair, and the ability to produce a new individual.

What is the relationship between anatomy and physiology?

Anatomy is the study of structure, and physiology is the study of the function of the structures.

List the levels of organization in a human, starting with the simplest level and proceeding to the most complex.

Atoms-->Molecules-->Cells-->Tissues-->Organs-->Organ Systems-->Organism

List 4 characteristics common to all organisms.

Characteristics common to all living things are organization, metabolism, growth, responsiveness, adaptation, regulation, and reproduction.

List the anatomic term that describes each of the following body regions: forearm, wrist, chest, armpit, thigh, and foot.

Forearm = antebrachial; wrist = carpal; chest = thoracic ; armpit = axillary; thigh = femoral; and foot = pes .

Describe which medical imaging techniques are best suited for examining soft tissues, and which are better suited for examining harder body tissues, such as bone.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is best suited for examination of soft tissues while radiography is best suited for examination of hard tissues, such as bone.

Distinguish between cytology and histology.

Microscopic anatomy studies structures that are not visible to the unaided eye. Cytology studies cells of the body and their internal structure. Histology studies tissues formed by cells and cell products.

Describe the structure and the function of serous membranes in the body.

Serous membranes line the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities. These membranes are composed of two layers, a parietal layer that lines the internal surface of the body wall, and a visceral layer that covers the external surface of organs within the cavity. Between the serous membrane layers is a thin serous cavity, a potential space that contains a lubricating film of serous fluid. The serous fluid's lubricating properties reduces the friction caused when organs within the cavities move with respect to each other

Which level of organization consists of similar cells that work together to perform a common function?

Similar cells that work together to perform a common function represent the tissue level of organization.

What are some of the subdisciplines of gross anatomy?

Sub disciplines of gross anatomy include regional anatomy, systemic anatomy, surface anatomy, developmental anatomy, and embryology.

Describe the body in the anatomic position. Why is the anatomic position used?

The anatomic position is a specific body position in which an individual stands upright with the feet parallel and flat on the floor. The head is level, and the eyes look forward toward the observer. The arms are at either side of the body with the palms facing forward and he thumbs pointing away for the body.

Use a directional term to describe the following: The elbow is _______ to the wrist The neck is ______ to the shoulders

The elbow is proximal to the wrist. The neck is medial to the shoulders.

Describe the location of the hypogastric region

The hypogastric region is the inferior region in the middle column of the abdominopelvic cavity. It usually houses part of the small intestine, the urinary bladder, and the sigmoid colon of the large intestine.

What are the two body cavities within the posterior aspect, and what does each cavity contain?

The posterior aspect has two enclosed cavities, the cranial cavity houses the brain and the vertebral canal contains the spinal cord.

If a physician makes an incision into a body cavity just superior to the diaphragm and inferior to the neck, what body cavity will be exposed?

The thoracic cavity will be exposed by an incision superior to the diaphragm and inferior to the neck.

What are the organ systems in the human body?

There are eleven organ systems in the human body: Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, and Reproductive.