MGT 291 Chapter 6
self-fulfilling prophecies
when expectations create behaviors that cause the expectations to come true
Self-serving attributions are always dysfunctional.
False
The way we view someone is always the same as the way the other person views him- or herself.
False
Stereotypes can be based on which of the following? a. all of these b. behavior c. gender d. appearance
a. all of these
People tend to associate beauty with other positive characteristics. This phenomenon is an example of which of the following? a. the halo effect b. the contrast effect c. procedural fairness d. defensive attribution
a. the halo effect
selective perception
selectively interpreting what we see based on our interests, expectations, experience, and attitudes
3 primary factors on how do we decide to classify other people:
1. goals of the perceiver (what person can do in the pursuit of our goals) 2. social context (expect people to behave certain way in certain settings) 3. accessibility in memory (when person has unfamiliar behavior we do not know how to classify)
Ethically speaking, it is important to monitor your own behavior to reduce inequities in how you treat others, even if the differences seem small.
True
If employees perceive that an inequity exists, they are likely to withhold some of their contributions, either consciously or unconsciously, to bring the situation into better balance.
True
Stereotypes are hard to change
True
projection
attributing our own characteristics to other people
self serving attributions
attributing successes to ourselves and failures to external factors
How people explain the causes of their own as well as other people's behaviors and achievements is called ___________. a. projection b. attribution c. sensation d. motivation
b. attribution
Researchers view individuals' reactions to unfairness as an evolutionary-based response that is ________________. a. emotional b. automatic c. retributive d. all of these
d. all of these
stereotype
dysfunctional schema that is essentially an oversimplified schema for a group of people
internal attributions
effort, ability consistency (something that always happens because of effort)
contrast effect
evaluating a person's characteristics through comparisons with other people we have recently encountered who rank higher/lower in the same characteristics
halo effect
forming a general impression about something or someone based on a single (typically good) characteristic
attribution
how people explain the causes of their own as well as other people's behaviors and achievements
How can self serving attributions be positive?
increase our expectations for success (help deal with setbacks and stay motivated)
Managerial implications of attribution
lower level employees = attributes failure to external factors and success to internal executives = more balanced approach, also assume more responsibility for failure need to focus on effort as a cause of success promote short term motivation to increase success
Schema
organized patterns of thoughts or behaviors to help us quickly interpret and process information
What term refers to attributing our own characteristics to other people?
projection
categorization
tendency to put things into groups or categories
fundamental attribution error
tendency to underestimate the impact of external factors and overestimate the impact of internal factors in explaining people's behaviors
external attributions
the environment distinctiveness (something different than normal behavior)