chapter 10

If you had to write a research paper on Maslow's hierarchy of motives, which of the following titles would you choose to capture the essence of Maslow's theory?

"Be all that you can be, from eating right to feeling content."

According to the weight-set-point hypothesis, the presence of too many fat cells from earlier weight gain may result in the set point's becoming "stuck" at a higher level than desirable. Why is it difficult for an individual who is dieting to lose weight in such a circumstance?

The body is constantly at odds with its own internal set point.

According to the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion, which of the following happens when an individual perceives an emotion-producing stimulus?

The thalamus communicates a message to the cerebral cortex about the nature of the emotion being experienced.

Which of the following is one of the characteristics of people suffering from anorexia nervosa?

Their life revolves around food.

The need for achievement is often assessed with the

Thematic Apperception Test.

What is TRUE of brain scans of people with bulimia?

They show that those with bulimia process information about food differently from healthy individuals.

According to the self-determination theory, ________ is the need to produce desired outcomes.

competence

Gordon has been able to achieve his goal of becoming a director in his firm because of his high power needs. He participates in different types of competitive sports and leads an extravagant and flamboyant life. Which of the following additional traits is he likely to exhibit?

drinking heavily

Which approach to motivation is correctly paired with a behavior to which it is especially appropriate?

drive-reduction—eating

The act of going to the refrigerator because you are hungry best represents a(n)

drive.

Anorexia nervosa and bulimia are types of

eating disorders.

A professor conducts an experiment in which she asks her students to either hold a pen between their teeth or hold a pen between their lips. After five minutes, she finds that the students who held the pen between their teeth reported being happier than those who held it between their lips. These results most strongly support the

facial feedback hypothesis.

While free breakfast and lunches provided at school are an attempt to satisfy one of Maslow's hierarchy of needs, students may still fail to achieve unless they

feel safe at school.

Max, a German, reports experiencing schadenfreude. He is experiencing a

feeling of pleasure over another person's difficulties.

Sarah, from Tahiti, reports experiencing musu. She is experiencing a

feeling of reluctance to yield to unreasonable demands made by her parents.

Hakiro, a Japanese, reports experiencing hagaii. He is experiencing a

feeling of vulnerable heartache colored by frustration.

Research on delayed gratification indicates that the best way to resist temptation is to

focus on other activities rather than the forbidden activity.

After being in a car accident, Sally's ventromedial hypothalamus was severely damaged. She should expect that she will

gain weight rapidly.

Charlotte meets Will, an old high school friend, at a party and is startled to learn his weight increased from 150 to 280 pounds in the year since his automobile accident. Damage to which of the following might account for his weight gain?

ventromedial hypothalamus

Which of the following sequences best expresses the order in which the needs in Maslow's pyramid must be fulfilled from the first to the last?

physiological, safety, love and belongingness, esteem, and self-actualization

Mary Jo is taking the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT). She is looking at

pictures.

Which of the following are included in the definition of emotion?

All of these

________ is a severe eating disorder in which people may refuse to eat while denying that their behavior and appearance—which can become skeleton like—are unusual.

Anorexia nervosa

Of the following individuals, whose behavior may most easily be explained using arousal approaches to motivation?

Artie, who loves to bungee jump

When the sympathetic nervous system, a component of the autonomic nervous system, is physiologically aroused, it

prepares the body for action.

Instinct approaches to motivation

suggest people and animals are born preprogrammed with sets of behaviors essential to their survival.

"It seemed like the two cars crossed the finish line at exactly the same time," the commentator yelled. Which theory of emotion most closely resembles this outcome?

Cannon-Bard

According to the ________ theory of emotion, both physiological arousal and emotional experience are produced simultaneously by the same nerve stimulus.

Cannon-Bard

What is the main problem with using polygraph results as an indication of whether or not a person is lying?

Different emotions can cause the same physiological changes.

Marsha does a good job because she knows her performance will result in a bonus if she meets her goals. Dianna does an adequate job but lacks motivation to perform in a timely manner. Georgia does a good job because she feels a sense of accomplishment when she meets her goals. All three women do the same kind of work. Who is likely to be the most competent?

Georgia

In one study, participants undergoing positron emission tomography (PET) brain scans were asked to recall events that made them feel sad, or events that made them feel happy. What did the results of such studies show?

Happiness showed a decrease in activity in certain areas of the cerebral cortex, whereas sadness showed increases in activity in particular portions of the cortex.

What effect, if any, does engaging in altruistic behavior have on one's well-being?

Increases happiness

Which of the following statements best expresses the fate of instinct approaches to motivation within mainstream psychology?

Instinct approaches to motivation still play a role in certain theories, especially those based on evolutionary approaches that focus on our genetic inheritance.

Unlike drive-reduction approaches to motivation, arousal approaches to motivation

suggest the possibility of increasing levels of stimulation and activity when they are too low.

Paris thinks her best friend, Nicole, may be suffering from an undiagnosed case of anorexia nervosa. She shares her concerns with Nicole, but Nicole insists that anorexia nervosa is "no big deal." What is the most serious consequence of anorexia nervosa?

It has the highest mortality rate of any psychological disorder.

Which of the following is a function of the weight set point?

It helps regulate food intake.

Identify an accurate statement about Maslow's hierarchy of needs.

It highlights the complexity of human needs.

Which of the following theories is best supported by the facial feedback hypothesis?

James-Lang

The concept of visceral experience can be attributed to the ________ theory of emotion.

James-Lange

Who among the following has achieved self-actualization?

Jennifer, who believes she makes a difference in the lives of the people around her

Which of the following individuals is most at risk for developing anorexia nervosa?

Jill is 17 and lives in the suburbs.

Meghan is bulimic. Which of the following statements is most likely to be accurate?

Meghan is neither more nor less likely than other individuals of her age to be overweight.

Which of the following best describes the male participants' thoughts/feelings regarding the female experimenter in the Capilano River Bridge Experiment?

Men found the experimenter on the high bridge more sexually attractive than the one on the low bridge.

Dr. Know-It-All hosts a TV talk show. One of his guests, Joe College, complains of his intense annoyance with people who talk on their cell phones while driving. Joe asks Dr. Know-It-All to explain why he reacts so strongly to this type of situation. Dr. Know-It-All immediately pronounces that Joe has an instinct for cell phone irritation. Is Dr. Know-It-All correct to assume that instinct is the cause of Joe's behavior?

No-most behavior is too complex to be explained on the basis of instinct.

Does the drive-reduction approach offer a comprehensive account of motivation? Which of the following explains it?

No. The drive-reduction approach explains how primary drives motivate behavior but fails to satisfactorily explain a behavior in which the goal is to increase arousal level.

The results of the Schachter-Singer experiment

support a cognitive view of emotions.

Which of the following is TRUE of the need for affiliation?

People who have higher affiliation needs are particularly sensitive to relationships with others.

Danny loves being a teacher. He is able to connect with children and, in addition to helping them with their studies, he inspires them to become good human beings. The headmistress of the school where Danny teaches offers him a monetary reward. However, following this event, the headmistress notices a sudden decline in the quality of Danny's teaching. Which of the following statements explains this sudden change in Danny's behavior?

Providing rewards to an individual for desirable behavior may sometimes cause a decline in his or her intrinsic motivation.

Which of the following is most related to extrinsic motivation?

Reward

According to the ________ theory of emotion, emotions are determined jointly by a nonspecific kind of physiological arousal and its interpretation, based on environmental cues.

Schachter-Singer

Shonda is suffering from an eating disorder. She eats an entire pizza in one sitting. However, she feels terribly guilty for eating the entire pizza and takes laxatives to induce vomiting. Which of following could be a likely consequence for Shonda?

She may have heart failure.

Gary wants to lose weight by reducing his caloric intake. He eats a candy bar for breakfast instead of a bowl of cereal because the candy bar has fewer calories. Is Gary doing the right thing?

Yes, the body needs high sugar intake at breakfast.

What happens when your blood sugar level gets too low?

You feel hungry.

According to William James and Carl Lange, which of the following leads one to label an emotional experience?

a specific pattern of visceral response

Larissa is highly invested in initiating and maintaining relationships. She is high in the need for

affiliation.

The ________, in the brain's temporal lobe, plays an important role in our experience of emotions.

amygdala

People with the weight-related disorder anorexia nervosa

are often successful, attractive, and relatively affluent.

"Human behavior is varied and often seems unpredictable; also, people sometimes seek out extremely stimulating situations and activities." This statement is most likely that of a proponent of the ________ theory of motivation.

arousal

How often should you exercise?

at least 30 consecutive minutes three times each week

According to the self-determination theory, ________ is the perception that we have control over our own lives.

autonomy

According to Maslow, before you can feel safe, you need to

be satisfied physically.

The most effective element of the polygraph test lies in the

belief it is accurate in detecting deception.

Though her weight is normal, Ashley is terrified of becoming heavy. She knows she should stick to a healthy diet, but she often consumes huge servings of junk food—up to 5,000 calories in one sitting. Desperate to keep from gaining weight, she then uses laxatives and diuretics to purge the calories. Ashley is suffering from

bulimia nervosa.

Young women with very high standards but very low confidence are at risk for developing

bulimia.

According to the two-factor theory, if Shelby wants her boyfriend to find her more attractive, she should approach him after

bungee jumping.

People's perceptions of what an ideal body looks like

vary from one culture to another.

The production of ________ increases according to meal schedules as well as the sight or smell of food.

ghrelin

According to the approach which organizes emotions using hierarchy, which of the following is derived from a negative emotion?

guilt

In relation to the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion, more recent research

has disconfirmed the idea that emotional experiences are controlled by the thalamus.

Danielle is a normal weight female, whereas Ron is an obese male. Whenever Danielle and Ron go out to dinner together, Ron always eats more food. Ron, a psychology major, correctly explains this difference in food intake by pointing out that

he has more fat cells than Danielle and he is not satiated until all his fat cells are full.

Kristin is a socially responsible woman. She helps underprivileged children in her neighborhood. She provides them with food, shelter, and educational opportunities. Kristin most likely has

high power needs.

What are schadenfreude, hagaii, and musu?

highly specific emotions

The ________ plays an important role in the consolidation of memories.

hippocampus

According to Maslow, Kenny probably has trouble committing to a relationship because

his expectations are too high.

When you exercise, you begin breathing more rapidly to provide oxygen to your cells. This increase in breathing is an attempt to restore

homeostasis.

You stayed up all night to study for a math exam. After the test, you returned to your dorm room and slept for seven hours. Your sleeping behavior was regulated by the body's tendency to maintain

homeostasis.

In ________ approaches to motivation, the desirable properties of external stimuli account for a person's motivation.

incentive

Motivation theorists refer to external rewards people seek to obtain as

incentives.

Dr. Mendez has always followed the works of psychologist William McDougall. Like McDougall, Dr. Mendez believes that people are born with predetermined sets of behaviors, which help them survive. Dr. Mendez is most likely a proponent of

instinct approaches to motivation.

Psychologists proposed drive-reduction approaches to motivation to replace

instinct theory.

Which of the following is a characteristic of instincts?

instincts provide the energy that channels behavior in appropriate directions.

Inborn patterns of behavior that are biologically determined rather than learned are called

instincts.

"Dance like no one is watching. Work like you do not need the money. Love like you have never been hurt," exhorts a sign on Dr. Elliott's office door. This sign illustrates the importance of ________ motivation.

intrinsic

Which of the following refers to the cause that pushes us to participate in an activity for our own enjoyment rather than for any actual or concrete reward that it will bring us?

intrinsic motivation

One of Cannon's major objections to the James-Lange theory of emotion was that

physiological arousal alone does not lead to the perception of emotion.

A marathon runner would best be served by eating ________ prior to a race.

lasagna

Paula has been complaining of constant fatigue for a couple of months. In addition, she has become detached and has stopped eating. Her family has to force-feed her to ensure that she gets some nutrition. Paula's brain scans reveal a tumor in the hypothalamus. Taking Paula's symptoms into consideration, the tumor is likely to be in the

lateral hypothalamus.

The hormone ________ appears to be designed, from an evolutionary standpoint, to protect the body against weight loss.

leptin

Paige is an expert at golf and is bored by the thought of the upcoming tournament. Mary is pretty good at golf and is somewhat excited but not overly anxious about the tournament. Sara has only recently learned to play but has very high expectations and is really nervous about the tournament. Jenna is also a beginner but she does not expect to play well. According to optimum arousal theory, who will perform the best?

mary

Carrie's body rapidly converts food into energy. Mandy's body converts food into energy more slowly. Carrie and Mandy have different

metabolic rates.

According to the Yerkes-Dodson Law, optimum performance is achieved when one is

moderately anxious.

After watching an episode of the Dr. Phil TV show, Shanae wonders why anyone would want to air their interpersonal dirty laundry in front of 70 million viewers. Shanae is most likely wondering about the ________ of Dr. Phil's guests.

motivation

________ refers to the factors that direct and energize the behavior of humans and other organisms.

motivation

Dr. Schmidt studies the factors that direct and energize the behavior of humans and other organisms. Dr. Schmidt studies

motivation.

The ________ is defined as a person's desire to strive for and attain challenging accomplishments.

need for achievement

The ________ is an interest in establishing and maintaining relationships with other people.

need for affiliation

The ________ is a tendency to seek impact, control, or influence over others and to be seen as an influential individual.

need for power

You just ran a marathon in very hot weather and perspired heavily. According to drive reduction theory, your body will have a(n) ________ for water, which will produce a(n) ________ for water, which will lead to a ________ to get water.

need; drive; motivation

Clark's doctor informs him that men of his age should ideally weigh 168 pounds. If Clark weighs 202 pounds, which is almost 20% more than the average weight for a man of his age, he is likely to be

obese.

According to Maslow, self-actualization is possible

only after all other needs have been fulfilled.

Learning to perform a task so well that it becomes automatic is referred to as

overlearning.

Polygraph examiners can

record physiological responses.

According to the self-determination theory, ________ is the need to be involved in close, warm relationships with others.

relatedness

Tim and Margaret are enjoying a picnic on the edge of a large forest. Suddenly, a huge black bear invades their space and heads for the picnic basket. According to the James Lange theory of emotions, the couple will

run away and then experience the emotion of fear as a result of the physical changes in their bodies.

A state of self-fulfillment in which people realize their highest potentials in their own unique way is known as ________ in Maslow's model.

self-actualization

According to Maslow, our highest-level need is the need for

self-actualization.

"I am so tired of dieting. It seems like it controls my life. I wonder what my real weight would be if I just ate only when I'm hungry." This dieter is curious about her

set point.

According to the James-Lange theory of emotions, crying over spilled milk will result in

sorrow because you are crying.

To which of the following behaviors is the drive-reduction approach least applicable?

studying long hours

Which of the following theories of emotion supports the cognitive view of emotions and emphasizes the role of surroundings in the experience of an emotion?

the Schachter-Singer theory

The impact of extrinsic motivation depends on

the behavior being rewarded.

What is homeostasis?

the body's tendency to maintain a steady internal state

Ray played basketball all of his life because he loved the sport. He became so good that he was given the opportunity to play professionally and eventually he signed a very lucrative contract. After that contract ran out, the team offered him slightly more money, but he decided that it was not enough. Which of the following best explains Ray's behavior from a motivational perspective?

the extrinsic motivation replaced intrinsic motivation.

Which of the following brain structures is primarily responsible for monitoring glucose levels?

the hypothalamus

The first two theoretical approaches to motivation that attained prominence in the history of modern psychology were

the instinct approach and then the drive-reduction approach.

A limitation of instinct approaches to motivation is that they fail to explain

the variety and complexity of human behavior that is learned.

Drive-reduction approaches to motivation are

theories suggesting that a lack of some basic biological need produces a drive to push an organism to satisfy that need.

Cognitive approaches to motivation are

theories suggesting that motivation is a product of people's thoughts, expectations, and goal.

Incentive approaches to motivation are

theories suggesting that motivation stems from the desire to attain external rewards.