Chapter 10

anger cry

A variation of the basic cry, with more excess air forced through the vocal cords. The anger cry has a loud, harsh sound to it, almost like shouting

regulating emotions in early childhood

Emotion regulation can be conceptualized as an important component of self-regulation or of executive function Executive function is increasingly thought to be a key concept in describing the young child's higher-level cognitive functioning.

Attention toward or away from an experience can influence children's emotional responses. Santrock, John; Santrock, John.

children who can distract themselves from a stressful encounter show a lower level of negative affect in the context and less anxiety over time. as children become older, they develop cognitive strategies for controlling their emotions.

babies' first form of emotional communication

cries and smiles

the use of self-initiated strategies for redirecting feelings in middle and late childhood

develop strategies to cope their emotional lives like distracting thoughts.

Michael Lewis'

distinguishes between primary emotions and self-conscious emotions

Cultural variations characterize

emotional development

positive emotions

enthusiasm, joy, and love

Moody and emotionally negative children are more likely to

experience rejection by their peers, whereas emotionally positive children are more popular.

how does emotion regulation shift from infancy to early childhood

external sources to self-identified, internal sources

As children age....

improve cognitive strategies for regulating emotion, modulate emotional arousal, become more adept at managing situations to minimize negative emotions, and choose effective ways to cope w/ stress

developmental changes in emotion during middle and late childhood

improved emotional understanding, marked improvements in the ability to supress or conceal negative emotional reaactions, the use of self-initiated strategies for redirecting feelings, increased tendency to take into fuller account the events leading to emotional reactions, development of a capacity for genuine empathy

improving emotional understanding in middle and late adulthood

increased ability to understand complex emotions like pride and shame. children engage in "mental time travel" where they anticipate and recall the cognitive and emotional aspects of events.

stranger anxiety

infant shows fear and wariness of strangers. emerges gradually. appears about 6 months and by 9 months is more intense

marked improvements in the ability to suppress or conceal negative emotional reactions in middle and late adulthood

intentionally hide their emotions

emotion dismissing affects

linked with poor emotion regulation, low emotional competence.

what is ineffective regulation linked with?

lower level of executive function, difficulty succeeding in school, lower level of moral development, failure to adequately cope with stress and difficulty in peer relations

what does emotion regulation consist of?

managing arousal to adapt to circumstances and to reach a goal

expressing emotions in early childhood

pride and guilt become more common and are influenced by parents' responses to their behavior

Mary Ainsworth and john bowlby argue

quick, comforting response to an infant's cries is an important ingredient in the development of a strong bond between infant and caregiver

development of capacity for genuine empathy in middle and late childhood

see someone else feeling distressed and wanting to help

reflexive smiling

smile that does not occur in response to external stimuli and appears during the first month after birth, usually during sleep

what setting provides for the development of a rich variety of emotions

social relationships

Jerome Kagan

structural immaturity of the infant brain makes it unlikely that emotions requiring thought—such as guilt, pride, despair, shame, empathy, and jealousy—can be experienced during the first year.

Emotion-coaching parents

the type of parent who monitors their children's emotions and uses them as opportunities for teaching. Related to children's social competence

adolescence

time of emotional turmoil. emotional highs and lows increase in early adolescence. depression is more common in adolescence than in childhood.

emotion-dismissing parents

view their role as to deny, ignore, or change negative emotions

emotion coaching affects

better at soothing themselves when they get upset, more effective in regulating negative affect, focus on their attention better, have fewer behavior problems.

How are emotions influenced

biological foundations, cognitive processes, and a person's experiences

certain regions of the brain that develop early in life

brain stem, hippocampus, and amygdala

Emotional development and coping with stress are influenced by

whether caregivers have maltreated or neglected children and whether children's caregivers are depressed or not

pain cry

A sudden appearance of a long, initial loud cry without preliminary moaning, followed by breath holding; no preliminary moaning is present. The pain cry is stimulated by a high-intensity stimulus

Emotion regulation also can influence whether biological and experiential factors are linked to various developmental outcomes.

A study of 9- to 15-year-olds who were characterized by this gene-environment combination found that they were less likely to be depressed if they were effective at emotion regulation

socioemotional selectivity theory

0*errr4 .000000000000000000/340he theory that older adults become more selective about their social networks. Because they place a high value on emotional satisfaction, older adults often spend more time with familiar individuals with whom they have had rewarding relationships.

important roles of emotions in infancy

1) communication with others 2) behavioral organization

changes in the aging brain

2017). Reduced negative emotion in older adults may be associated with decreased physiological arousal of emotion due to aging in the amygdala and autonomic nervous system. More effective emotion regulation may be related to this reduction in subcortical activation and also to increased activation in the prefrontal cortex.

basic cry

A rhythmic pattern usually consisting of a cry, a briefer silence, a shorter inspiratory whistle that is higher pitched than the main cry, and then a brief rest before the next cry.

coping with stress in middle and late childhood

As children get older, they are able to more accurately appraise a stressful situation and determine how much control they have over it. Older children generate more alternatives for coping with stressful conditions and make greater use of cognitive coping strategies. By 10 years of age, most children are able to use these cognitive strategies to cope with stress. However, in families that have not been supportive and are characterized by turmoil or trauma, children may be so overwhelmed by stress that they do not use such strategies.

understanding emotions in early childhood

Between 2 and 4 years of age, children use an increasing number of terms to describe emotions. During this time, they are also learning about the causes and consequences of feelings. When they are 4 to 5 years of age, children show an increased ability to reflect on emotions. They also begin to understand that the same event can elicit different feelings in different people. Moreover, they show a growing awareness that they need to manage their emotions to meet social standards. by five years of age accurately identify emotions that are produced by challenging circumstances and describe strategies they might call on to cope with everyday stress.

positive and negative emotions

Emotional life is on a more even keel, with fewer highs and lows. It may be that although older adults have less extreme joy, they have more contentment, especially when they are connected in positive ways with friends and family.

primary emotions

Emotions that are present in humans and other animals and emerge early in life; examples are joy, anger, sadness, fear, and disgust.

parent-infant interaction

Not only do parents change their emotional expressions in response to infants' emotional expressions, but infants also modify their emotional expressions in response to their parents' emotional expressions. In other words, these interactions are mutually regulated.

dose-response effect

The relationship between the dosage of a substance, such as alcohol or radiation, and the result of exposure; usually, higher doses are associated with greater effects.

brain stem, hippocampus, amygdala

Parts of brain active in distress, excitement, and rage

an increased tendency to take into account the events leading to emotional reactions in middle and late childhood

become aware of their sadness and what it is influenced by

When does jealousy occur in childhood?

Some researchers argue that jealousy does not emerge until infants are approximately 18 months old (Lewis, 2007), whereas others assert that it is displayed much earlier (Hart, 2018). Some research studies suggest that the appearance of jealousy might occur as early as 6 months of age (Hart & others, 2004).

stress and gender

Women are more vulnerable to social stressors such as those involving romance, family, and work. Women also are more likely than men to become depressed when they encounter stressful life events such as a divorce or the death of a friend. When men face stress, they are likely to respond in a fight or flight manner—become aggressive, withdraw from social contact, or drink alcohol. when women experience stress, they are more likely to engage in a tend and befriend pattern, seeking social alliances with others, especially friends. Taylor argues that when women experience stress an influx of the hormone oxytocin, which is linked to nurturing in animals, is released.

social smile

a smile that occurs in response to external stimulus, typically a face in the case of a young infant. Social smiling occurs as early as 4 to 6 weeks of an age in response to a caregiver's voice

Emotion-based-program

a teacher-conducted emotions course in the classroom, emotion tutoring and coaching teacher dialogues, and weekly parent messages that reinforce the lessons taught in the classroom. In the classroom, teachers ask children to label or demonstrate emotional expressions, share ideas about what causes them to feel the emotions they described.

emotion regulation plays a key role in

adaptiveness of emotions, especially so they don't interfere with our daily functioning and relationships.

adult development and aging

adults adapt more effectively when they are emotionally intelligent—when they are skilled at perceiving and expressing emotion, understanding emotion, using feelings to facilitate thought, and managing emotions effectively. 2018). The changes often are characterized by an effort to create lifestyles that are emotionally satisfying, predictable, and manageable by making decisions about an occupation, a life partner, and other circumstances.

separation protest

an infant's distressed crying when the caregiver leaves. initially displayed around 7 to 8 months and peaks around 13 to 15 months

negative emotions

anxiety, anger, guilt, sadness

how biology's importance to emotion is apparent

apparent in the changes in a baby's emotional capacities.

fear in infancy

appears at 6 months of age and peaks at about 18 months. Neglected infants can show fear as early as 3 months

John Watson

argued parents spend too much time responding to infant crying and as a consequence parents reward crying and increase its incidence