Chapter 10

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the proliferative phase of healing includes

-development of new blood cells -formation of fibrous tissue -wound contraction -generation of new epithelial tissue

after a severe injury, muscle may regain only about ___ of its preinjury strength

70%

a tendon begins to develop tears when it is stretched approximately ___ beyond normal length

8-10%

the substance that increases vessel permeability and stimulates nerve endings to cause pain is

Bradykinin

an incomplete fracture cause by bending and torsional loads is a

Greenstick fracture

the growth hormone that acts as a chemical attractant for fibroblasts, neutrophils, and macrophages is

PDGF

what two potential effects occur when a force acts on an object?

acceleration and deformation

crepitus with movement, inflammation, local swelling, and nodule formation in the tendon sheath are characteristics of

acute tenosynovitis

nerves carrying sensory input from receptor to the brain

afferent nerves

a strong, flat, sheetlike tissue that attach muscles to other muscles or to bones is called a(n)

aponeuroses

a force acting along the long axis of a structure is called a(n)

axial force

the fiber arrangement of the dermis enables the tissue to resist loads from (3)

compression tension shear

remodeling of bone tissue involves osteoblast activity on the ___ side of the fracture

concave

for a muscle to shorten, it must

contract concentrically

areas of skin innervated by a single spinal nerve

dermatome

superficial tissue discoloration

ecchymosis

nerves carrying motor stimuli from the brain to the muscles

efferent nerves

longitudinal bone growth occurs at the bone's

epiphyseal plates/ growth plate

the ability of a muscle to stretch is called

extensibility

t/f: because the bones of children contain less collagen than adult bones, they are less flexible and less resistant to fracture than adult bones

false

t/f: when a force is sustained by the tissues of the human body, the amount of injury is solely determined by the material properties of the involved tissues

false

t/f: in most acute sports-related injuries, pain is initiated by chemosensitive nociceptors

false mechanosensitive

t/f: force acting along the long axis of a structure is termed tensile force

false axial

t/f: extensibility is the ability of a muscle to be stretched and to return to normal length after either lengthening or shortening

false elasticity

t/f: comminuted fractures are often produced by excessive torsional and bending loads

false spiral

characteristics of scar tissue

fibrous inelastic nonvascular

a localized mass of blood and lymph confined within a space

hematoma

having a reduced concentration of oxygen

hypoxia

as part of the healing of soft tissue, fibroblast production of a supportive network of type 1 and 2 collagen takes place

in the proliferation phase

an athlete has sustained an acute ankle sprain. the force producing this injury is

macrotrauma

immature connective tissue cells are termed

mast cells

random regrowth of a nerve after injury is called a

neuroma

injury to a nerve that results in temporary neurologic deficits followed by complete recovery of function is termed

neuropraxia

specialized nerve ending that transduce pain

nociceptors

the bone cells that form new bone tissues are called

osteoblasts

any condition characterized by degeneration or aspectic necrosis of the epiphysis and articular due to limited blood supply is termed

osteochondrosis

what is stage 2 tendinitis

pain during activity and does not restrict performance

process by which leukocytes ingest dead cells and infectious agents

phagocytosis

___ is the first chemical mediator to appear during the inflammatory stage of tissue healing

serotonin

a chemical mediator associated with the inflammatory phase of healing?

serotonin histamine adrenaline noradrenaline

a force that acts parallel tangent to a plane passing through the object is called a

shear force

the amount of deformation an object undergoes in response to an applied force is called

strain

collagen is the major component of what (3)

tendon ligament skin

because the nerve roots on the spinal cord are not protected by connective tissue, they are particularly susceptible to what kind of injury?

tensile

while stretching for an overthrown ball, a first baseman strained an adductor muscle. what type of force would have produced this injury

tensile

ligamentous injuries are usually caused by a ___

tensile force

the product of force and its moment is called

torque/moment

t/f: although the most rapid bone growth occurs prior to adulthood, bones continue to grow in diameter throughout most of the life spane

true

t/f: because bone is stronger in resisting tension than compression, the side of the bone loaded in compression will fracture if the bending moment is sufficiently large

true

t/f: if tissues undergo abnormally high tensile stress before scar formation is complete, the newly forming tissue can be elongated and much stronger than the original tissue

true

t/f: in tendons, the collagen fibers are arranged in a parallel pattern, enabling resistance of high, unidirectional tensile loads when the attached muscle contracts

true

t/f: longitudinal bone growth continues only as long as the bone's epiphyseal plates continue to exist

true

t/f: one of the most important universal safety precautious to prevent the spread of disease is the regular use of latex gloves when working with blood or bodily fluids

true

t/f: stress is defined as a force divided by the surface area over which the force is applied

true

t/f: tensile loading that involves a tendon or ligament pulling a small chip of bone away from the rest of the bone is called an avulsion fracture

true

t/f: when a nerve is loaded in tension, the nerve fibers tend to rupture prior to the repturing of the surrounding connective tissue sheath

true

an acute epiphyseal injury characterized by fracture of part of the epiphysis and metaphysis is categorized as a

type IV injury

the beginning of the acute inflammatory phase is marked by

vasoconstriction


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