Chapter 10
the proliferative phase of healing includes
-development of new blood cells -formation of fibrous tissue -wound contraction -generation of new epithelial tissue
after a severe injury, muscle may regain only about ___ of its preinjury strength
70%
a tendon begins to develop tears when it is stretched approximately ___ beyond normal length
8-10%
the substance that increases vessel permeability and stimulates nerve endings to cause pain is
Bradykinin
an incomplete fracture cause by bending and torsional loads is a
Greenstick fracture
the growth hormone that acts as a chemical attractant for fibroblasts, neutrophils, and macrophages is
PDGF
what two potential effects occur when a force acts on an object?
acceleration and deformation
crepitus with movement, inflammation, local swelling, and nodule formation in the tendon sheath are characteristics of
acute tenosynovitis
nerves carrying sensory input from receptor to the brain
afferent nerves
a strong, flat, sheetlike tissue that attach muscles to other muscles or to bones is called a(n)
aponeuroses
a force acting along the long axis of a structure is called a(n)
axial force
the fiber arrangement of the dermis enables the tissue to resist loads from (3)
compression tension shear
remodeling of bone tissue involves osteoblast activity on the ___ side of the fracture
concave
for a muscle to shorten, it must
contract concentrically
areas of skin innervated by a single spinal nerve
dermatome
superficial tissue discoloration
ecchymosis
nerves carrying motor stimuli from the brain to the muscles
efferent nerves
longitudinal bone growth occurs at the bone's
epiphyseal plates/ growth plate
the ability of a muscle to stretch is called
extensibility
t/f: because the bones of children contain less collagen than adult bones, they are less flexible and less resistant to fracture than adult bones
false
t/f: when a force is sustained by the tissues of the human body, the amount of injury is solely determined by the material properties of the involved tissues
false
t/f: in most acute sports-related injuries, pain is initiated by chemosensitive nociceptors
false mechanosensitive
t/f: force acting along the long axis of a structure is termed tensile force
false axial
t/f: extensibility is the ability of a muscle to be stretched and to return to normal length after either lengthening or shortening
false elasticity
t/f: comminuted fractures are often produced by excessive torsional and bending loads
false spiral
characteristics of scar tissue
fibrous inelastic nonvascular
a localized mass of blood and lymph confined within a space
hematoma
having a reduced concentration of oxygen
hypoxia
as part of the healing of soft tissue, fibroblast production of a supportive network of type 1 and 2 collagen takes place
in the proliferation phase
an athlete has sustained an acute ankle sprain. the force producing this injury is
macrotrauma
immature connective tissue cells are termed
mast cells
random regrowth of a nerve after injury is called a
neuroma
injury to a nerve that results in temporary neurologic deficits followed by complete recovery of function is termed
neuropraxia
specialized nerve ending that transduce pain
nociceptors
the bone cells that form new bone tissues are called
osteoblasts
any condition characterized by degeneration or aspectic necrosis of the epiphysis and articular due to limited blood supply is termed
osteochondrosis
what is stage 2 tendinitis
pain during activity and does not restrict performance
process by which leukocytes ingest dead cells and infectious agents
phagocytosis
___ is the first chemical mediator to appear during the inflammatory stage of tissue healing
serotonin
a chemical mediator associated with the inflammatory phase of healing?
serotonin histamine adrenaline noradrenaline
a force that acts parallel tangent to a plane passing through the object is called a
shear force
the amount of deformation an object undergoes in response to an applied force is called
strain
collagen is the major component of what (3)
tendon ligament skin
because the nerve roots on the spinal cord are not protected by connective tissue, they are particularly susceptible to what kind of injury?
tensile
while stretching for an overthrown ball, a first baseman strained an adductor muscle. what type of force would have produced this injury
tensile
ligamentous injuries are usually caused by a ___
tensile force
the product of force and its moment is called
torque/moment
t/f: although the most rapid bone growth occurs prior to adulthood, bones continue to grow in diameter throughout most of the life spane
true
t/f: because bone is stronger in resisting tension than compression, the side of the bone loaded in compression will fracture if the bending moment is sufficiently large
true
t/f: if tissues undergo abnormally high tensile stress before scar formation is complete, the newly forming tissue can be elongated and much stronger than the original tissue
true
t/f: in tendons, the collagen fibers are arranged in a parallel pattern, enabling resistance of high, unidirectional tensile loads when the attached muscle contracts
true
t/f: longitudinal bone growth continues only as long as the bone's epiphyseal plates continue to exist
true
t/f: one of the most important universal safety precautious to prevent the spread of disease is the regular use of latex gloves when working with blood or bodily fluids
true
t/f: stress is defined as a force divided by the surface area over which the force is applied
true
t/f: tensile loading that involves a tendon or ligament pulling a small chip of bone away from the rest of the bone is called an avulsion fracture
true
t/f: when a nerve is loaded in tension, the nerve fibers tend to rupture prior to the repturing of the surrounding connective tissue sheath
true
an acute epiphyseal injury characterized by fracture of part of the epiphysis and metaphysis is categorized as a
type IV injury
the beginning of the acute inflammatory phase is marked by
vasoconstriction
