Chapter 10 intro to psych
Summarize the effects of optimistic thinking and social support on overall physical and psychological health
A positive mindset is associated with better health and a lower chance of disease. Optimism has reduced stress, better psychological and physical well being and better coping skills during stressful times
Symptoms of stress
Aches and pains, chest pain, trouble sleeping, headaches, dizziness, high blood pressure, muscle tension
Explain the advantages and disadvantages of having an external locus of control
Advantages- being a good team player Disadvantages- tend to blame external factors for events that happen to them, feel powerless or hopeless, play down success
Explain the advantages and disadvantages of internal locus or control
Advantages- improved info acquisition, better decision making processes, increased happiness, increased leadership adaptability Disadvantage- having the tendency to be direct and to the point
Because it triggers the release of mood-boosting neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine, serotonin, and the endorphins, _________ exercise raises energy levels and helps alleviate depression and anxiety.
Aerobic
Which factor is not considered one of the three categories of stressors?
Age
Define fight or flight response
An emergency response, including activity of the sympathetic nervous system, but mobilized energy in activity for talking or escaping a threat
Define emotion focused coping
Attempting to reduce stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor in attending to emotional needs related to our stress reaction
Define problem focused coping
Attempting to reduce stress directly by changing this dresser or the way we interact with that stressor
Explain why type A personalities are more susceptible to heart disease
Because they are under more stress. Stress raises blood pressure. That can increase the risk for a heart attack.
Compare and contrast cannon and seyles biological descriptions of stress response to Shelly Taylor's social-cultural tend and befriend response to stress.
Cannon and selye say that stress plays a role in every disease, and that failure to cope with or adapt to stressors can produce diseases of adaptation, including ulcers, high blood pressure and heart attacks. He called this theory general adaptation syndrome. With tend and befriend, people mainly females responders stressful conditions by protecting and nurturing their young and by seeking social contact and support from others.
When faced with a situation over what you feel you have a little control, it is most effective to use _____ focused coping
Emotion
Describe an example of emotion focused coping and problem focused coping
Emotion focused- distracting yourself to take your mind off the issue. Problem focused- when stressed about an upcoming exam, you might check with the teacher about material
Explain why aerobic exercise and relaxation techniques including meditation are effective at managing stress effects. What specifically do these strategies do for the brain and body?
Exercise and other physical activity produce endorphins, chemicals in the brain that act as natural painkillers and also improve the ability to sleep, which in turn reduces stress. Meditation caused your body to produce endorphins.
Which statement about stress is inaccurate
Experiencing high levels of stress causes people to get sick
An emergency sympathetic nervous system response that mobilizes energy and activity is called the
Fight or flight response
Define Type A
Friedman and Roseman's term for competitive, hard driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger prone people
Define type b
Friedman and Roseman's term for easy-going, relaxed people
Which factor seems to be a predictor of happiness
Genes
Elizabeth has been feeling extreme amounts of stress and unhappiness related to her job lately. Which change is least likely to help Elizabeth alleviate those feelings?
Getting a significant raide
Defined the feel good, do good phenomenon
How are tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood
When elderly patients take an active part in managing their own care and surroundings, their morale and health tend to improve. Such findings indicate that people do better when they experience an ___________ (internal/external) locus of control.
Internal
Summarize the effects of pets on stress
It has been shown to decrease levels of corridor and lower blood pressure. Other studies have found that animals can reduce loneliness, increase feelings of social support, and boost your mood.
Explain how someone could develop learned helplessness
It occurs when someone repeatedly faces uncontrollable, stressful situations, then does not exercise control when it becomes available.
Describe how a perceived lack of control can affect health
It provokes an outpouring of horomones that put people's health at risk. Being unable to avoid repeated aversive events can lead to learned helplessness
Which is the following is not one of the three main types of stressors Catastrophes significant life changes daily hassles loss of personal comtrol
Loss of personal control
Stress can suppress the immune system by prompting a decrease in the release of _____, The immune cells that ordinarily attack bacteria, viruses, cancer cells, and other foreign substances
Lymphocytes
The components of the type a personality that have been linked most closely to coronary heart disease or anger and other ____ feelings
Negative
Define personal control
Our sense of controlling our environment rather than feeling helpless
Define adaptation level phenomenon
Our tendency to form judgments of sounds of lights of income relative to a neutral level to find by our past experiences
Describe the significant differences between persons with Type A personalities and persons with type B personalities
People with type a personalities are generally have difficulty relaxing while type b people are laid back. Type a people generally can't stand being slowed down and type b people prefer a relaxed space
Define resilience
Personal personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even traima
Define psychoneuroimmunology and describe the fact of stress on the immune system
Psychoneuroimmunology is the study of the interaction between psychological processes and the nervous and immune systems of the human body. When we are stressed, the immune system's ability to fight off antigens is reduced. That is why we are more susceptible to infections. The stress hormone corticosteroid can suppress the effectiveness of the immune system
Define mindfulness meditation
Reflective practice in which people attend to current experiences in a non-judge mental and accepting manner
A philosopher observed that we cannot escape envy, because there will always be someone more successful, more accomplished, or richer with whom to compare ourselves. In psychology, this observation is embodied in the ___ ___ principle.
Relative deprivation
Describe some of the tactics that help people to manage the stress they cannot qvoid
Relaxation, mindfullness meditation, exercise
Research on the faith factor had found that
Religiously active people tend to outlive those who are not religiously active
Selye's general adaptation syndrome consists of an alarm reaction followed by _______ then _______
Resistance;exhaustion
Discuss the correlation between religiously and longevity and offer some possible explanations
Self condition, social support, positive emotions and healthy behaviors
Define subjective well-being
Self perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Using a long measures of objective well-being for example physical and economic indicators to judge our quality of life
Define general adaptation syndrome
Selye's concept of the bodies adoptive response to stress in three stages alarm, resistance, and exhaustion
Discuss the role of appraisal in the way we respond to stressful events.
Stress appraisal refers to the process by which individuals evaluate and cope with a stressful event
Research has shown that people are at increased risk for cancer a year or so after experiencing depression hopelessness or bereavementAnd describing this link researchers are quick to point out that
Stress does not create cancer cells, but it weakens the body's natural defenses against them
Describe the different between stress and stressors
Stress is your body's reaction to the demands of the world. Stressors are events or conditions in your surroundings that may trigger stress.
Identify some predictors of happiness based on research
Take control of your time, act happy, seek work and leisure that engage your skills, and give your body to sleep it wants
When faced with stress, women are more likely than men to exhibit the ______ and ______
Tend;befriend
Define self control
The ability to control impulses in the way short term gratification for greater long-term rewards
Geoff wins 150$ on a lottery ticket and is extremely please because he just lost his job and is collecting unemployment. To Cassandra, a corporate lawyer who earns $400/hour this gain of wealth is negligible. This is an example of
The adaptation level phenomenon
Describe the biology of the fight or flight response as well as the physical characteristics and phases of the general adaptation syndrome. What is happening in the autonomic nervous system?
The bodies sympathetic nervous system is activated by the sudden release of hormones. The sympathetic nervous system then stimulates the adrenal glands, triggering the release of catecholamines. This result in an increase in heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing rate. After the threat is gone, it takes between 20 to 60 minutes for the body to return to its pre-arousal levels.
Define learned helplessness
The hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or person learns went unable to avoid repeated aversive events
Why does that feel good do good phenomenon contribute to happiness
The more people do acts of altruism, the higher they raise their self-esteem. And there by the higher they also raise their happiness
Define external locus of control
The perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate
Define relative deprivation
The perception that we are worse off relative to those with whom we compare ourselves
Define internal locus of control
The perception that we control our own fate
Define stress
The process by which we proceed and respond to certain events, called stressors, but we appraise at threatening or challenging
Define psychoneuroimmunology
The study of have psychological, neural, and endocrine process is combine to affect our immune system and health
Quan is easygoing and relaxed. Nothing gets him too upset because he suppresses his emotion, especially if it is negative. According to some researchers, which personality type is Quan?
Type D
A Chinese proverb ones, the fire your Kindle for your enemy often burned you more than him. How is this true of type a individuals
Type a individuals frequently experience negative emotions such as anger and impatience, during which the sympathetic nervous system diverts blood away from the liver. This leaves fat and cholesterol circulating in the bloodstream for deposit near the heart and other organs, increasing the risk of heart disease and other health problems. Thus, type individuals individuals actually harm themselves by directing anger at others
Define the tend and befriend response
Under stress, people especially women, often provide support to others and bond with and seek support from others
After moving to a new apartment, you find the street noise irritatingly loud, but after a while, it no longer bothers you. This reaction illustrates the
adaptation-level phenomenon
Which is the correct order of phases in the general adaptation syndrome
alarm reaction, resistance, exhaustion
Leonard failed a test. He attributes this failure to the test's difficulty instead of admitting that he did not spend much time studying. Leonard exhibits:
an external locus of control
One of the most consistent findings of psychological research is that happy people are also
more likely to help others
Research has shown that a dog will respond with learned helplessness if it has received repeated shocks and has had
no control over the shocks
Individuals who expect the worst and doubt that their goals will be achieved are called
pessimistic
Sherry has great personal control. She feels in charge of her environment and often tries to reduce her stress by directly interacting with her stressors. Sherry exhibits:
problem-focused coping
Define coping
reducing stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral method
The sense that one is worse off relative to a specifically self-chosen comparison group is called:
relative deprivation
The personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity is called
resilience
People who have close relationships are less likely to die prematurely than those who do not, supporting the idea that
social support has a beneficial effect on health
Research shows that the effects of mindfulness meditation include the :
strengthening of connections among brain regions
Which finding is true regarding stress and disease
stress does not create cancer cells