Chapter 10 intro to psych

Summarize the effects of optimistic thinking and social support on overall physical and psychological health

A positive mindset is associated with better health and a lower chance of disease. Optimism has reduced stress, better psychological and physical well being and better coping skills during stressful times

Symptoms of stress

Aches and pains, chest pain, trouble sleeping, headaches, dizziness, high blood pressure, muscle tension

Explain the advantages and disadvantages of having an external locus of control

Advantages- being a good team player Disadvantages- tend to blame external factors for events that happen to them, feel powerless or hopeless, play down success

Explain the advantages and disadvantages of internal locus or control

Advantages- improved info acquisition, better decision making processes, increased happiness, increased leadership adaptability Disadvantage- having the tendency to be direct and to the point

Because it triggers the release of mood-boosting neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine, serotonin, and the endorphins, _________ exercise raises energy levels and helps alleviate depression and anxiety.

Aerobic

Which factor is not considered one of the three categories of stressors?

Age

Define fight or flight response

An emergency response, including activity of the sympathetic nervous system, but mobilized energy in activity for talking or escaping a threat

Define emotion focused coping

Attempting to reduce stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor in attending to emotional needs related to our stress reaction

Define problem focused coping

Attempting to reduce stress directly by changing this dresser or the way we interact with that stressor

Explain why type A personalities are more susceptible to heart disease

Because they are under more stress. Stress raises blood pressure. That can increase the risk for a heart attack.

Compare and contrast cannon and seyles biological descriptions of stress response to Shelly Taylor's social-cultural tend and befriend response to stress.

Cannon and selye say that stress plays a role in every disease, and that failure to cope with or adapt to stressors can produce diseases of adaptation, including ulcers, high blood pressure and heart attacks. He called this theory general adaptation syndrome. With tend and befriend, people mainly females responders stressful conditions by protecting and nurturing their young and by seeking social contact and support from others.

When faced with a situation over what you feel you have a little control, it is most effective to use _____ focused coping

Emotion

Describe an example of emotion focused coping and problem focused coping

Emotion focused- distracting yourself to take your mind off the issue. Problem focused- when stressed about an upcoming exam, you might check with the teacher about material

Explain why aerobic exercise and relaxation techniques including meditation are effective at managing stress effects. What specifically do these strategies do for the brain and body?

Exercise and other physical activity produce endorphins, chemicals in the brain that act as natural painkillers and also improve the ability to sleep, which in turn reduces stress. Meditation caused your body to produce endorphins.

Which statement about stress is inaccurate

Experiencing high levels of stress causes people to get sick

An emergency sympathetic nervous system response that mobilizes energy and activity is called the

Fight or flight response

Define Type A

Friedman and Roseman's term for competitive, hard driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger prone people

Define type b

Friedman and Roseman's term for easy-going, relaxed people

Which factor seems to be a predictor of happiness

Genes

Elizabeth has been feeling extreme amounts of stress and unhappiness related to her job lately. Which change is least likely to help Elizabeth alleviate those feelings?

Getting a significant raide

Defined the feel good, do good phenomenon

How are tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood

When elderly patients take an active part in managing their own care and surroundings, their morale and health tend to improve. Such findings indicate that people do better when they experience an ___________ (internal/external) locus of control.

Internal

Summarize the effects of pets on stress

It has been shown to decrease levels of corridor and lower blood pressure. Other studies have found that animals can reduce loneliness, increase feelings of social support, and boost your mood.

Explain how someone could develop learned helplessness

It occurs when someone repeatedly faces uncontrollable, stressful situations, then does not exercise control when it becomes available.

Describe how a perceived lack of control can affect health

It provokes an outpouring of horomones that put people's health at risk. Being unable to avoid repeated aversive events can lead to learned helplessness

Which is the following is not one of the three main types of stressors Catastrophes significant life changes daily hassles loss of personal comtrol

Loss of personal control

Stress can suppress the immune system by prompting a decrease in the release of _____, The immune cells that ordinarily attack bacteria, viruses, cancer cells, and other foreign substances

Lymphocytes

The components of the type a personality that have been linked most closely to coronary heart disease or anger and other ____ feelings

Negative

Define personal control

Our sense of controlling our environment rather than feeling helpless

Define adaptation level phenomenon

Our tendency to form judgments of sounds of lights of income relative to a neutral level to find by our past experiences

Describe the significant differences between persons with Type A personalities and persons with type B personalities

People with type a personalities are generally have difficulty relaxing while type b people are laid back. Type a people generally can't stand being slowed down and type b people prefer a relaxed space

Define resilience

Personal personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even traima

Define psychoneuroimmunology and describe the fact of stress on the immune system

Psychoneuroimmunology is the study of the interaction between psychological processes and the nervous and immune systems of the human body. When we are stressed, the immune system's ability to fight off antigens is reduced. That is why we are more susceptible to infections. The stress hormone corticosteroid can suppress the effectiveness of the immune system

Define mindfulness meditation

Reflective practice in which people attend to current experiences in a non-judge mental and accepting manner

A philosopher observed that we cannot escape envy, because there will always be someone more successful, more accomplished, or richer with whom to compare ourselves. In psychology, this observation is embodied in the ___ ___ principle.

Relative deprivation

Describe some of the tactics that help people to manage the stress they cannot qvoid

Relaxation, mindfullness meditation, exercise

Research on the faith factor had found that

Religiously active people tend to outlive those who are not religiously active

Selye's general adaptation syndrome consists of an alarm reaction followed by _______ then _______

Resistance;exhaustion

Discuss the correlation between religiously and longevity and offer some possible explanations

Self condition, social support, positive emotions and healthy behaviors

Define subjective well-being

Self perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Using a long measures of objective well-being for example physical and economic indicators to judge our quality of life

Define general adaptation syndrome

Selye's concept of the bodies adoptive response to stress in three stages alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

Discuss the role of appraisal in the way we respond to stressful events.

Stress appraisal refers to the process by which individuals evaluate and cope with a stressful event

Research has shown that people are at increased risk for cancer a year or so after experiencing depression hopelessness or bereavementAnd describing this link researchers are quick to point out that

Stress does not create cancer cells, but it weakens the body's natural defenses against them

Describe the different between stress and stressors

Stress is your body's reaction to the demands of the world. Stressors are events or conditions in your surroundings that may trigger stress.

Identify some predictors of happiness based on research

Take control of your time, act happy, seek work and leisure that engage your skills, and give your body to sleep it wants

When faced with stress, women are more likely than men to exhibit the ______ and ______

Tend;befriend

Define self control

The ability to control impulses in the way short term gratification for greater long-term rewards

Geoff wins 150$ on a lottery ticket and is extremely please because he just lost his job and is collecting unemployment. To Cassandra, a corporate lawyer who earns $400/hour this gain of wealth is negligible. This is an example of

The adaptation level phenomenon

Describe the biology of the fight or flight response as well as the physical characteristics and phases of the general adaptation syndrome. What is happening in the autonomic nervous system?

The bodies sympathetic nervous system is activated by the sudden release of hormones. The sympathetic nervous system then stimulates the adrenal glands, triggering the release of catecholamines. This result in an increase in heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing rate. After the threat is gone, it takes between 20 to 60 minutes for the body to return to its pre-arousal levels.

Define learned helplessness

The hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or person learns went unable to avoid repeated aversive events

Why does that feel good do good phenomenon contribute to happiness

The more people do acts of altruism, the higher they raise their self-esteem. And there by the higher they also raise their happiness

Define external locus of control

The perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate

Define relative deprivation

The perception that we are worse off relative to those with whom we compare ourselves

Define internal locus of control

The perception that we control our own fate

Define stress

The process by which we proceed and respond to certain events, called stressors, but we appraise at threatening or challenging

Define psychoneuroimmunology

The study of have psychological, neural, and endocrine process is combine to affect our immune system and health

Quan is easygoing and relaxed. Nothing gets him too upset because he suppresses his emotion, especially if it is negative. According to some researchers, which personality type is Quan?

Type D

A Chinese proverb ones, the fire your Kindle for your enemy often burned you more than him. How is this true of type a individuals

Type a individuals frequently experience negative emotions such as anger and impatience, during which the sympathetic nervous system diverts blood away from the liver. This leaves fat and cholesterol circulating in the bloodstream for deposit near the heart and other organs, increasing the risk of heart disease and other health problems. Thus, type individuals individuals actually harm themselves by directing anger at others

Define the tend and befriend response

Under stress, people especially women, often provide support to others and bond with and seek support from others

After moving to a new apartment, you find the street noise irritatingly loud, but after a while, it no longer bothers you. This reaction illustrates the

adaptation-level phenomenon

Which is the correct order of phases in the general adaptation syndrome

alarm reaction, resistance, exhaustion

Leonard failed a test. He attributes this failure to the test's difficulty instead of admitting that he did not spend much time studying. Leonard exhibits:

an external locus of control

One of the most consistent findings of psychological research is that happy people are also

more likely to help others

Research has shown that a dog will respond with learned helplessness if it has received repeated shocks and has had

no control over the shocks

Individuals who expect the worst and doubt that their goals will be achieved are called

pessimistic

Sherry has great personal control. She feels in charge of her environment and often tries to reduce her stress by directly interacting with her stressors. Sherry exhibits:

problem-focused coping

Define coping

reducing stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral method

The sense that one is worse off relative to a specifically self-chosen comparison group is called:

relative deprivation

The personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity is called

resilience

People who have close relationships are less likely to die prematurely than those who do not, supporting the idea that

social support has a beneficial effect on health

Research shows that the effects of mindfulness meditation include the :

strengthening of connections among brain regions

Which finding is true regarding stress and disease

stress does not create cancer cells