Chapter 10: Lower Extremity

The acetabular fossa

Contains a fat pad

The ligament forming a rim around the acetabulum, increasing its depth, is the

Cotyloid

Which bone is seen on sectional images articulating with the anterior calcaneus?

Cuboid

Which part(s) of the tibia articulate(s) with the talus?

Inferior surface and medial surface of medial malleolus.

In which group is the talocalcaneal ligament of the ankle?

Interosseous.

The anterior cruciate ligament and posterior cruciate ligament are considered what type of ligaments in the knee joint?

Intracapsular.

The largest synovial joint in the body is the

Knee

In which group of ligaments are the anterior talofibular and tibiofibular, calcaneofibular, and posterior talofibular and tibiofibular?

Lateral

The peroneus brevis and longus are muscles that move the foot and toe. In which compartment are they located?

Lateral

What group of muscles that move the femur do the gluteal muscles belong to?

Lateral

The peroneal or trochlear process is on the

Lateral calcaneus

The fibular notch is on the

Lateral distal tibia.

The gluteal (maximus, medius, and minimus) and tensor muscles all move the femur. They are in the

Lateral group

What action do the hamstring, gemellus, obturator, piriformis, and quadratus femoris muscles perform on the femur?

Lateral rotation

The peroneal retinacula of the ankle are located

Laterally

An alternative term for the ligament of the head of the femur is

Ligamentum teres femoris.

Which ligament connects the fovea capitis of the head of the femur to the acetabular or cotyloid notch?

Ligamentum teres femoris.

Which ligament is associated with the hip joint?

Ligamentum teres femoris.

The adductor (brevis, longus, and magnus), gracilis, and pectineus muscles all move the femur. They are in the

Medial group

The flexor retinacula of the ankle are located

Medially

A crescent-shaped pad of fibrocartilage found in the knee joint

Meniscus

The hinge joint formed by the tibia, fibular, and talus

Mortise joint

Which bone is seen on sectional images articulating with the anterior talus?

Navicular

The menisci are

Pads of fibrocartilage.

The quadriceps femoris tendon inserts onto the

Patella

One of the bilateral innominate or hip bones to which the lower extremity is attached

Pelvic girldle

The flexor (digitorum longus and halluces longus), gastrocnemius, plantaris, popliteus, and soleus muscles are muscles that move the foot and toe. In which compartment are they located?

Posterior

What group of muscles that move the femur do the hamstring muscles belong to?

Posterior

Which ligament is not an external ligament?

Posterior cruciate

The intercondylar fossa is found on the

Posterior distal femur.

The hamstring, gemellus, obturator, piriformis, and quadratus femoris muscles all move the femur. They are in the

Posterior group

On sectional images, the sinus tarsi is between the

Talus and calcaneus.

On sectional images, which ligament is seen connecting the lateral and medial menisci of the knee?

Transverse

The superior surface of the talus articulating with the tibia is the

Trochlea

What action do the iliopsoas, Sartorius, and rectus femoris perform on the femur?

Flexion

The small pit on the head of the femur is the

Fovea capitis

Which is not one of the four head of the quadriceps femoris?

Gracilis.

What type of diarthrodial joint is the ankle joint?

Hinge

The iliopectineal bursa is associated with the

Hip joint

Of the ligaments reinforcing the articular capsule of the hip, the strongest is the

Iliofemoral

What is the ledge of bone that projects medially from the calcaneus?

Sustentaculum tali.

The number of bones in the lower extremities is

60

What are the two types of muscle group that are responsible for moving the lower leg - A. flexors; B. extensors; C. anterior; D. posterior; E. medial; F. lateral?

A & B

Which bone(s) is/are seen on sectional images articulating with the anterior navicular?

First, second, and third cuneiforms.

The patella is most commonly categorized as a

Flat bone

What action(s) do the gracilis, hamstring, and Sartorius muscles perform on the lower leg?

Flex the leg at the knee joint.

Inferior to the talus is the

Calcaneus

The Achilles and plantaris tendons insert onto the

Calcaneus

What action do the gluteal (maximus, medius, and minimus) and tensor muscles perform on the femur?

Abduction

The bones of the pelvic girdle will fuse together to form what structure? . What is the ridge of bone that is found longitudinally in the middle third of the posterior femur? {~Diaphysis. =Linea aspera. ~Intertrochanteric line. ~Shaft.}

Acetabulum

The cotyloid notch is associated with the

Acetabulum

Which of the following is the thickest and strongest tendon in the human body?

Achilles tendon

The extensor digitorum longus and extensor halluces longus are muscles that move the foot and toe. In which compartment are they located?

Anterior

Which ligament of the knee joint is not external?

Anterior cruciate

The iliopsoas, sartorius, and rectus femoris all move the femur. They are in the

Anterior group

The extensor retinacula of the ankle are located

Anteriorly

What type of diarthrodial joint is the hip?

Ball and socket

Which of the following muscles make up the hamstring muscles? Please select all that apply.

Biceps femoris., Semimembranosus., Semitendinosus.

Which is not an intracapsular ligament?

Capsular

Meniscal tear

Definition - a common knee injury; the meniscus is a rubbery, C‐shaped disc that cushions the knee. Each knee has two menisci (plural of meniscus)—lateral and medial. The menisci keep your knee steady by balancing your weight across the knee. A torn meniscus can prevent your knee from working right. Causes - usually caused by twisting or turning quickly, often with the foot planted while the knee is bent; can occur when you lift something heavy or play sports. As you get older, your meniscus gets worn. This can make it tear more easily. Symptoms - Three types of meniscal tears: With a minor tear, you may have slight pain and swelling. This usually goes away in 2 or 3 weeks. A moderate tear can cause pain at the side or center of your knee. Swelling slowly gets worse over 2 or 3 days. This may make your knee feel stiff and limit how you can bend your knee, but walking is usually possible. You might feel a sharp pain when you twist your knee or squat. These symptoms may go away in 1 or 2 weeks but can come back if you twist or overuse your knee. The pain may come and go for years if the tear isn't treated. In severe tears, pieces of the torn meniscus can move into the joint space. This can make your knee catch, pop, or lock. You may not be able to straighten it. Your knee may feel "wobbly" or give way without warning. It may swell and become stiff right after the injury or within 2 or 3 days.

Anterior cruciate tear

Definition - most often a result of low‐velocity, noncontact, deceleration injuries and contact injuries with a rotational component. Contact sports also may produce injury to the ACL secondary to twisting, valgus stress, or hyperextension all directly related to contact or collision. Early ACL surgery may reduce secondary knee injuries in young athletes. Incidence - incidence of ACL injury is higher in people who participate in high‐risk sports such as basketball, football, skiing, and soccer. Female athletes are more susceptible to ACL injuries. Symptoms - Feeling or hearing a "pop" sound in the knee Pain and inability to continue activity Swelling and instability of the knee Development of a large hemarthrosis Imaging - Most ACL injuries may be diagnosed through a careful history emphasizing mechanism of injury coupled with a good physical examination. Treatment - Before any treatment, encourage strengthening of the quadriceps and hamstrings, as well as ROM exercises. Generally, the recommendation is that surgical intervention be delayed at least 3 weeks following injury to prevent the complication of arthrofibrosis. Nonoperative treatment may be considered in elderly patients or in less active athletes who may not be participating in any pivoting type of sports. Prognosis - Patients treated with surgical reconstruction of the ACL have long‐term success rates of 82‐95%. Recurrent instability and graft failure is seen in approximately 8% of patients.

Pelvic Ring Fx

Definition - occurs when the pelvic ring is disrupted anteriorly and posteriorly in 2 or more places. The pelvic ring is composed of 3 bones: the paired innominate bones and the sacrum. The most serious complication of pelvic ring fractures is life‐threatening bleeding. The most common source of hemorrhage is small and medium‐sized vessels in fractured cancellous bone, and retroperitoneal hemorrhage is most commonly venous in origin. These sources of bleeding stop on their own with stabilization of the fracture. Types - Anterior posterior compression, Lateral compression, Vertical shear. Causes - high energy trauma to inlcude: motorcycle crashes, pedestrian‐vehicle crashes, motor vehicle crashes, falls from a height greater than 15 feet, and crush injuries, in descending order of frequency; can also happen after lower impact trauma such as a ground‐level fall in elderly osteoporotic patients. Incidence - men are affected more commonly than women Symptoms - On physical examination, gentle bilateral compression of the iliac crests reveals tenderness and possibly crepitus. One may observe asymmetry in the alignment of the legs or protrusion of the iliac crests.

The classification of the ankle joint is

Diarthrosis

The joint classification of the hip joint is

Diarthrosis

The joint classification of the tibiofemoral joint is

Diarthrosis

The zona orbicularis

Encircles the femoral neck.

What action(s) does the quadriceps femoris perform on the lower leg?

Extend the leg at the knee joint.

The apex of the fibula

Extends superiorly from the head.

Which of the following muscles make up the quadriceps femoris muscle group? Please select all that apply.

Rectus femoris., Vastus intermedius., Vastus lateralis., Vastus medialis.

What are bands that hold an organ in place called?

Retinacula

Which of the following is the longest muscle in the human body?

Sartorius

What is the largest peripheral nerve in the body?

Sciatic

What is the tunnel between the talus and calcaneus called?

Sinus tarsi