Psychology Ch 8 Online Test

Research findings suggest that the best advice to give people who want to avoid belief perseverance is

"Consider the opposite"

Kristina, a high school English teacher, is eager to promote creativity in her writing class students. Which of the following reminders is likely to do the most to accomplish her goal?

"You can produce interesting insights through your writing"

Which of the following would be most characteristic of a 2-year-old's telegraphic speech?

"eat apple"

The normal curve would represent the distribution of

American women in terms of their physical heights

The three-stage processing model of memory was proposed by

Atkinson and Shiffrin

Which of the following questions about the word depressed would best prepare you to correctly remember tomorrow that you had seen the word on this quiz?

How well does the word describe you?

A tendency to approach a problem only in the particular way that worked previously is most indicative of

a mental set

Which of the following best describes the typical forgetting curve?

a rapid initial decline in retention becoming stable thereafter

Memory researchers are suspicious of long-repressed memories of traumatic events that are "recovered" with the aid of drugs or hypnosis because

all of these reasons (such experiences usually are vividly remembered, such memories are unreliable and easily influenced by misinformation, memories of events happening before about age 3 are especially unreliable)

Disproportionately more Whites than Blacks would be admitted into American colleges if performance scores on ________ were the only basis for college admissions.

all of these tests (Stanford-Binet, WAIS, SAT)

Conscious memories of emotionally stressful events are especially likely to be facilitated by activation of the

amygdala

After suffering a brain injury in a motorcycle accident, Arotza cannot form new memories. He can, however, remember events before the accident. Arotza's memory difficulty most clearly illustrates

anterograde amnesia

On average, the intelligence test scores of the Dingbats are much higher than those of the Dodos. The difference in the average test scores of the two groups might be a product of

any of these things (genetic differences between two groups with similar environments, environmental differences between two groups with similar genetics, genetic and environmental between the two groups)

In Sperling's memory experiment, research participants were shown three rows of three letters, followed immediately by a low, medium, or high tone. The participants were able to report

any one of the three rows of letter

Stockbrokers who market their services with confidence that they can outperform the market average in picking stocks are especially likely to

appear credible to their customers

Jenkins and Dallenbach found that memory was better in people who were

asleep during the retention interval, presumably because interference was reduced

Experimenters gave people a list of words to be recalled. When the participants were tested after a delay, the items that were best recalled were those

at the beginning of the list

When you hear familiar words in your native language, it is virtually impossible not to register the meanings of the words. This best illustrates the importance of

automatic processing

Which of the following is central to the processing of procedural memories?

basal ganglia

When Quang couldn't find his wallet, he began to wonder about his roommate's honesty. Although Quang later recalled that he had left his wallet in the glove compartment of his own car, he continued to doubt his roommate's honesty. Quang's irrational thinking best illustrates

belief perseverance

When Gordon Bower presented words grouped by category or in random order, recall was

better for the categorized words

Which area of the brain is most important in the processing of implicit memories?

cerebellum

Combining individual letters into familiar words enables you to remember more of the letters in this sentence. This best illustrates the value of

chunking

One way to increase the amount of information in memory is to group it into larger, familiar units. This process is referred to as

chunking

Which of the following is most likely to be stored as an implicit memory?

conditioned fear of guns

Scientists are trained to carefully observe and record any research outcomes that are inconsistent with their hypotheses. This practice most directly serves to reduce

confirmation bias

Older people's capacity to understand the meaning of words does not decline as much as their capacity to engage in abstract reasoning. This best illustrates the stability of

crystallized intelligence

Which type of word processing results in the greatest retention?

deep

Semantic encoding is a type of

deep processing

The semantic processing of the words in a short poem illustrates

deep processing

The spacing effect means that

distributed study yields better retention than craming

The eerie feeling of having been somewhere before is an example of

dèjà vu

Mentally rehearsing the glossary definitions of unfamiliar terms in order to remember them for a later test illustrates

effortful processing

Academic aptitude test scores are MOST likely to predict accurately the academic success of ________ students.

elementary school

The three steps in memory information processing are

encoding, storage, retrieval

Amnesia patients typically experience disruption of

explicit memories

Mr. Nydam suffers amnesia and is unable to remember playing golf several times each week on a particular course. Yet the more he plays the course, the more his game improves. His experience illustrates the need to distinguish between

explicit memory and implicit memory

Many people can easily recall exactly what they were doing when they first learned of the death of a close friend or family member. This best illustrates ________ memory.

flashbulb

The ability to learn a new computer software program is to ________ as knowledge of state capitals is to ________.

fluid intelligence, crystallized intelligence

Anterograde amnesia is the inability to

form new memories

On Monday, the meteorologist forecast a 20 percent chance of rain, so Sheryl took her umbrella to work. On Friday, he reported an 80 percent chance that it would not rain, so Sheryl left her umbrella at home. Sheryl's behavior illustrates the effect of

framing

Aptitude tests are to ________ as achievement tests are to ________.

future performance, current competence

Simple thinking strategies that allow us to solve problems and make judgments efficiently are called

heuristics

Textbook chapters are often organized into ________ to facilitate information processing.

hiearchies

Amnesia victims typically have experienced damage to the ________ of the brain.

hippocampus

Having read a story once, certain amnesia victims will read it faster the second time even though they can't recall having seen the story before. They have most likely suffered damage to the

hippocampus

Visual sensory memory is referred to as

iconic memory

Memory for skills is called

implicit memory

According to the serial position effect, when recalling a list of words you should have the greatest difficulty with those

in the middle of the list

The isolated Piraha tribespeople of Brazil have no words for specific numbers higher than 2. If shown 7 nuts in a row they find it difficult to lay out the same number from their own pile of nuts. This best illustrates the impact of

language on thinking

In a study on context cues, people learned words while on land or when they were underwater. In a later test of recall, those with the best retention had

learned the words and been tested on them in the same context

Which of the following is believed to be the synaptic basis for learning and memory?

long-term potentiation

At some point during the babbling stage, infants begin to

lose their ability to discriminate sounds they never hear

The misinformation effect provides evidence that memory

may be reconstructed during recall according to how questions are framed

Hypnotically "refreshed" memories may prove inaccurate—especially if the hypnotist asks leading questions—because of

memory construction

Memory techniques such as acronyms and the peg-word system are called

mnemonic devices

Employing the single word HOMES to remember the names of North America's five Great Lakes best illustrates the use of

mnemonic technique

Whenever Valerie experiences intense feelings of fear, she is overwhelmed with childhood memories of her abusive parents. Valerie's experience best illustrates

mood-congruent memory

Although Ron typically smokes two packs of cigarettes a day, he recalls smoking little more than a pack a day. This poor memory best illustrates

motivated forgetting

Repression is an example of

motivated forgetting

A football quarterback simultaneously calculates receiver distances, player movements, and weather conditions. This best illustrates the activity of multiple

neural networks

Another term for implicit memory is _______ memory.

nondeclarative

Studies by Loftus and Palmer, in which people were quizzed about a film of an accident, indicate that

people's recall may easily be affected by misleading information

Experts who defend intelligence tests against the charge of being culturally biased and discriminatory would be most likely to highlight the ________ of intelligence tests.

predictive validity

Activating memories of your childhood by forming vivid mental images of various locations in your childhood home best illustrates

priming

During her evening Spanish language exam, Janica so easily remembers the French vocabulary she studied that morning that she finds it difficult to recall the Spanish vocabulary she rehearsed that afternoon. Her difficulty best illustrates

proactive intererence

The basal ganglia of the brain play a critical role in the formation of

procedural memory

Eva had difficulty recognizing that a sea horse was a fish because it did not closely resemble her fish

prototype

Which of the following measures of retention is the least sensitive in triggering retrieval?

recall

A measure of your memory in which you need to pick the correctly learned answer from a displayed list of options is known as a measure of

recognition

Research on memory construction reveals that memories

reflect a person's biases and assumptions

Information is maintained in short-term memory only briefly unless it is

rehearsed

Lashley's studies, in which rats learned a maze and then had various parts of their brains surgically removed, showed that the memory

remained no matter which area of the brain was tampered with

Mrs. McBride can't consciously recall how frequently she criticizes her children because it would be too anxiety-arousing to do so. Sigmund Freud would have suggested that her poor memory illustrates

repression

The process of getting information out of memory storage is called

retrieval

Which of the following is not a measure of retention?

retrieval

The happier Judie is, the more readily she recalls positive life experiences. This best illustrates that emotional states can become

retrieval cues

While taking the final exam in American history, Marie was surprised and frustrated by her momentary inability to remember the name of the current president of the United States. Her difficulty most clearly illustrates

retrieval failure

Research participants were asked to identify a word that could be associated meaningfully with each of three other words. Solutions that occurred with sudden insight were accompanied by a burst of activity in the brain's ________ lobe.

right temporal

The rock musician was hit with a rotten egg while performing his latest hit song. The fact that you can recognize two different meanings for the word "hit" in the preceding sentence demonstrates the importance of

semantics

Kandel and Schwartz have found that when learning occurs, more of the neurotransmitter ________ is released into synapses.

serotonin

After Maya gave her friend the password to a protected website, the friend was able to remember it only long enough to type it into the password box. In this instance, the password was clearly stored in her ______ memory.

short-term

When you have to make a long-distance call, dialing an unfamiliar area code plus a seven-digit number, you are likely to have trouble retaining the just-looked-up number. This best illustrates the limited capacity of ________ memory.

short-term

Several months after watching a science fiction movie about spaceship travel and alien abductions, Steve began to remember that he had been abducted by aliens and personally subjected to many of the horrors portrayed in the movie. His mistaken recall best illustrates

source amnesia

Howard Gardner is most likely to agree that the concept of intelligence includes

spatially analyzing visual input

Which of the following was not recommended as a strategy for improving memory?

speed reading

The gradual fading of the physical memory trace contributes to

storage decay

Studies demonstrate that learning causes permanent neural changes in the ________ of animals' neurons.

synapses

Lavonne was careful to avoid the use of dangling participles and run-on sentences in her essay because she did not want to lose points for faulty

syntax

Long-term potentiation refers to

the increased efficiency of synaptic transmission between certain neurons following learning

After Teresa was verbally threatened by someone in a passing car, she was asked whether she recognized the man who was driving the car. Several hours later, Teresa mistakenly recalled that the driver was a male rather than a female. Teresa's experience best illustrates

the misinformation effect

After Paul's snow-skiing accident, doctors detected damage to his cerebral cortex in Wernicke's area. Because of the damage, Paul is most likely to experience difficulty in

understanding what others are saying

Researchers now recognize the active information processing that occurs in short-term memory and refer to it as ________ memory.

working

Echoic memories fade after approximately Selected:

3 to 4 seconds

Five-year-old Benjy has an IQ of 120 on the original version of the Stanford-Binet. His mental age is

6

About ________ percent of WAIS scores fall between 85 and 115.

68

Our short-term memory span is approximately ________ items.

7

Who would have been most enthusiastic about the value of a single intelligence test score as an index of an individual's mental capacities?

Charles Spearman

Which of the following persons best illustrates Sternberg's concept of practical intelligence?

Shelley, a school principal who effectively solves unexpected administrative problems

At a block party, Cyndi is introduced to eight new neighbors. Moments later, she remembers only the names of the first three and last two neighbors. Her experience illustrates

the serial position effect