Psychology Ch 8 Online Test
Research findings suggest that the best advice to give people who want to avoid belief perseverance is
"Consider the opposite"
Kristina, a high school English teacher, is eager to promote creativity in her writing class students. Which of the following reminders is likely to do the most to accomplish her goal?
"You can produce interesting insights through your writing"
Which of the following would be most characteristic of a 2-year-old's telegraphic speech?
"eat apple"
The normal curve would represent the distribution of
American women in terms of their physical heights
The three-stage processing model of memory was proposed by
Atkinson and Shiffrin
Which of the following questions about the word depressed would best prepare you to correctly remember tomorrow that you had seen the word on this quiz?
How well does the word describe you?
A tendency to approach a problem only in the particular way that worked previously is most indicative of
a mental set
Which of the following best describes the typical forgetting curve?
a rapid initial decline in retention becoming stable thereafter
Memory researchers are suspicious of long-repressed memories of traumatic events that are "recovered" with the aid of drugs or hypnosis because
all of these reasons (such experiences usually are vividly remembered, such memories are unreliable and easily influenced by misinformation, memories of events happening before about age 3 are especially unreliable)
Disproportionately more Whites than Blacks would be admitted into American colleges if performance scores on ________ were the only basis for college admissions.
all of these tests (Stanford-Binet, WAIS, SAT)
Conscious memories of emotionally stressful events are especially likely to be facilitated by activation of the
amygdala
After suffering a brain injury in a motorcycle accident, Arotza cannot form new memories. He can, however, remember events before the accident. Arotza's memory difficulty most clearly illustrates
anterograde amnesia
On average, the intelligence test scores of the Dingbats are much higher than those of the Dodos. The difference in the average test scores of the two groups might be a product of
any of these things (genetic differences between two groups with similar environments, environmental differences between two groups with similar genetics, genetic and environmental between the two groups)
In Sperling's memory experiment, research participants were shown three rows of three letters, followed immediately by a low, medium, or high tone. The participants were able to report
any one of the three rows of letter
Stockbrokers who market their services with confidence that they can outperform the market average in picking stocks are especially likely to
appear credible to their customers
Jenkins and Dallenbach found that memory was better in people who were
asleep during the retention interval, presumably because interference was reduced
Experimenters gave people a list of words to be recalled. When the participants were tested after a delay, the items that were best recalled were those
at the beginning of the list
When you hear familiar words in your native language, it is virtually impossible not to register the meanings of the words. This best illustrates the importance of
automatic processing
Which of the following is central to the processing of procedural memories?
basal ganglia
When Quang couldn't find his wallet, he began to wonder about his roommate's honesty. Although Quang later recalled that he had left his wallet in the glove compartment of his own car, he continued to doubt his roommate's honesty. Quang's irrational thinking best illustrates
belief perseverance
When Gordon Bower presented words grouped by category or in random order, recall was
better for the categorized words
Which area of the brain is most important in the processing of implicit memories?
cerebellum
Combining individual letters into familiar words enables you to remember more of the letters in this sentence. This best illustrates the value of
chunking
One way to increase the amount of information in memory is to group it into larger, familiar units. This process is referred to as
chunking
Which of the following is most likely to be stored as an implicit memory?
conditioned fear of guns
Scientists are trained to carefully observe and record any research outcomes that are inconsistent with their hypotheses. This practice most directly serves to reduce
confirmation bias
Older people's capacity to understand the meaning of words does not decline as much as their capacity to engage in abstract reasoning. This best illustrates the stability of
crystallized intelligence
Which type of word processing results in the greatest retention?
deep
Semantic encoding is a type of
deep processing
The semantic processing of the words in a short poem illustrates
deep processing
The spacing effect means that
distributed study yields better retention than craming
The eerie feeling of having been somewhere before is an example of
dèjà vu
Mentally rehearsing the glossary definitions of unfamiliar terms in order to remember them for a later test illustrates
effortful processing
Academic aptitude test scores are MOST likely to predict accurately the academic success of ________ students.
elementary school
The three steps in memory information processing are
encoding, storage, retrieval
Amnesia patients typically experience disruption of
explicit memories
Mr. Nydam suffers amnesia and is unable to remember playing golf several times each week on a particular course. Yet the more he plays the course, the more his game improves. His experience illustrates the need to distinguish between
explicit memory and implicit memory
Many people can easily recall exactly what they were doing when they first learned of the death of a close friend or family member. This best illustrates ________ memory.
flashbulb
The ability to learn a new computer software program is to ________ as knowledge of state capitals is to ________.
fluid intelligence, crystallized intelligence
Anterograde amnesia is the inability to
form new memories
On Monday, the meteorologist forecast a 20 percent chance of rain, so Sheryl took her umbrella to work. On Friday, he reported an 80 percent chance that it would not rain, so Sheryl left her umbrella at home. Sheryl's behavior illustrates the effect of
framing
Aptitude tests are to ________ as achievement tests are to ________.
future performance, current competence
Simple thinking strategies that allow us to solve problems and make judgments efficiently are called
heuristics
Textbook chapters are often organized into ________ to facilitate information processing.
hiearchies
Amnesia victims typically have experienced damage to the ________ of the brain.
hippocampus
Having read a story once, certain amnesia victims will read it faster the second time even though they can't recall having seen the story before. They have most likely suffered damage to the
hippocampus
Visual sensory memory is referred to as
iconic memory
Memory for skills is called
implicit memory
According to the serial position effect, when recalling a list of words you should have the greatest difficulty with those
in the middle of the list
The isolated Piraha tribespeople of Brazil have no words for specific numbers higher than 2. If shown 7 nuts in a row they find it difficult to lay out the same number from their own pile of nuts. This best illustrates the impact of
language on thinking
In a study on context cues, people learned words while on land or when they were underwater. In a later test of recall, those with the best retention had
learned the words and been tested on them in the same context
Which of the following is believed to be the synaptic basis for learning and memory?
long-term potentiation
At some point during the babbling stage, infants begin to
lose their ability to discriminate sounds they never hear
The misinformation effect provides evidence that memory
may be reconstructed during recall according to how questions are framed
Hypnotically "refreshed" memories may prove inaccurate—especially if the hypnotist asks leading questions—because of
memory construction
Memory techniques such as acronyms and the peg-word system are called
mnemonic devices
Employing the single word HOMES to remember the names of North America's five Great Lakes best illustrates the use of
mnemonic technique
Whenever Valerie experiences intense feelings of fear, she is overwhelmed with childhood memories of her abusive parents. Valerie's experience best illustrates
mood-congruent memory
Although Ron typically smokes two packs of cigarettes a day, he recalls smoking little more than a pack a day. This poor memory best illustrates
motivated forgetting
Repression is an example of
motivated forgetting
A football quarterback simultaneously calculates receiver distances, player movements, and weather conditions. This best illustrates the activity of multiple
neural networks
Another term for implicit memory is _______ memory.
nondeclarative
Studies by Loftus and Palmer, in which people were quizzed about a film of an accident, indicate that
people's recall may easily be affected by misleading information
Experts who defend intelligence tests against the charge of being culturally biased and discriminatory would be most likely to highlight the ________ of intelligence tests.
predictive validity
Activating memories of your childhood by forming vivid mental images of various locations in your childhood home best illustrates
priming
During her evening Spanish language exam, Janica so easily remembers the French vocabulary she studied that morning that she finds it difficult to recall the Spanish vocabulary she rehearsed that afternoon. Her difficulty best illustrates
proactive intererence
The basal ganglia of the brain play a critical role in the formation of
procedural memory
Eva had difficulty recognizing that a sea horse was a fish because it did not closely resemble her fish
prototype
Which of the following measures of retention is the least sensitive in triggering retrieval?
recall
A measure of your memory in which you need to pick the correctly learned answer from a displayed list of options is known as a measure of
recognition
Research on memory construction reveals that memories
reflect a person's biases and assumptions
Information is maintained in short-term memory only briefly unless it is
rehearsed
Lashley's studies, in which rats learned a maze and then had various parts of their brains surgically removed, showed that the memory
remained no matter which area of the brain was tampered with
Mrs. McBride can't consciously recall how frequently she criticizes her children because it would be too anxiety-arousing to do so. Sigmund Freud would have suggested that her poor memory illustrates
repression
The process of getting information out of memory storage is called
retrieval
Which of the following is not a measure of retention?
retrieval
The happier Judie is, the more readily she recalls positive life experiences. This best illustrates that emotional states can become
retrieval cues
While taking the final exam in American history, Marie was surprised and frustrated by her momentary inability to remember the name of the current president of the United States. Her difficulty most clearly illustrates
retrieval failure
Research participants were asked to identify a word that could be associated meaningfully with each of three other words. Solutions that occurred with sudden insight were accompanied by a burst of activity in the brain's ________ lobe.
right temporal
The rock musician was hit with a rotten egg while performing his latest hit song. The fact that you can recognize two different meanings for the word "hit" in the preceding sentence demonstrates the importance of
semantics
Kandel and Schwartz have found that when learning occurs, more of the neurotransmitter ________ is released into synapses.
serotonin
After Maya gave her friend the password to a protected website, the friend was able to remember it only long enough to type it into the password box. In this instance, the password was clearly stored in her ______ memory.
short-term
When you have to make a long-distance call, dialing an unfamiliar area code plus a seven-digit number, you are likely to have trouble retaining the just-looked-up number. This best illustrates the limited capacity of ________ memory.
short-term
Several months after watching a science fiction movie about spaceship travel and alien abductions, Steve began to remember that he had been abducted by aliens and personally subjected to many of the horrors portrayed in the movie. His mistaken recall best illustrates
source amnesia
Howard Gardner is most likely to agree that the concept of intelligence includes
spatially analyzing visual input
Which of the following was not recommended as a strategy for improving memory?
speed reading
The gradual fading of the physical memory trace contributes to
storage decay
Studies demonstrate that learning causes permanent neural changes in the ________ of animals' neurons.
synapses
Lavonne was careful to avoid the use of dangling participles and run-on sentences in her essay because she did not want to lose points for faulty
syntax
Long-term potentiation refers to
the increased efficiency of synaptic transmission between certain neurons following learning
After Teresa was verbally threatened by someone in a passing car, she was asked whether she recognized the man who was driving the car. Several hours later, Teresa mistakenly recalled that the driver was a male rather than a female. Teresa's experience best illustrates
the misinformation effect
After Paul's snow-skiing accident, doctors detected damage to his cerebral cortex in Wernicke's area. Because of the damage, Paul is most likely to experience difficulty in
understanding what others are saying
Researchers now recognize the active information processing that occurs in short-term memory and refer to it as ________ memory.
working
Echoic memories fade after approximately Selected:
3 to 4 seconds
Five-year-old Benjy has an IQ of 120 on the original version of the Stanford-Binet. His mental age is
6
About ________ percent of WAIS scores fall between 85 and 115.
68
Our short-term memory span is approximately ________ items.
7
Who would have been most enthusiastic about the value of a single intelligence test score as an index of an individual's mental capacities?
Charles Spearman
Which of the following persons best illustrates Sternberg's concept of practical intelligence?
Shelley, a school principal who effectively solves unexpected administrative problems
At a block party, Cyndi is introduced to eight new neighbors. Moments later, she remembers only the names of the first three and last two neighbors. Her experience illustrates
the serial position effect