Chapter 10 Psychology Review

Which event that occurred about 100,000 years ago possibly marked the start of modern language as we know it (Corballis, 2004)?

A critical mutation in the FOXP-2 gene

Researchers have attempted to teach human languages to apes and African gray parrots, among others. What was one result of these interactions, based on the cases described in your text?

A gorilla was trained to communicate in sign language.

Yves is called on in class to define the representativeness heuristic. He answers that "it is a rule of thumb in which stimuli similar to an exemplar are believed to be more likely than stimuli that are dissimilar." Which part of his definition is incorrect?

Similar to an exemplar

According to the textbook, individuals with high IQ scores

benefit from educational opportunities tailored to their abilities.

Reyana's parents arrange for her to take part in an intelligence test for private elementary school admissions. Her individual intelligence is measured to be 125, relative to a statistically normal curve with an average of 100. The test measured Reyana's

intelligence quotient.

Teens are more likely than young adults to make risky decisions

in the presence of their peers.

Understanding a problem should

include data collection, analysis, and organization.

The heritability of adult intelligence as measured by IQ tests is usually reported to be about .75, which means that

75% of the variance in intelligence observed in the population can be attributed to genetics.

Which of the following is a phoneme and a morpheme?

"a"

Giftedness is an extreme of intelligence defined as having an IQ score of

130 or above.

Between _____ months of age, children become less successful in perceiving the differences between sounds that are not characteristic of their native language, an important perceptual shift that impacts their subsequent language learning.

6 and 12

What is a rule of thumb approach in which we choose between alternatives based on emotional or "gut" reactions to stimuli?

Affect heuristic

Which of the following is true about algorithms?

Algorithms are step-by-step rules for reaching a particular solution.

Katie loved baking brownies with her grandmother during her holiday visits. In fact, she still makes these brownies using the exact same steps as her grandmother. What is this called?

An algorithm

Which of the following provides the best definition of a concept?

An organizing principle derived from experience

Of the following, who fits the profile of a person with dyslexia?

Carol, who is bright and attends a good school but is having difficulty learning to read

Which of the following is true about dyslexia?

Dyslexia is strongly influenced by genetic factors.

Dolores has moved to a big city for the first time in her life. She is excited by the opportunity to explore the city but is also anxious about being in a plane crash because she will now have to fly home for the holidays. In reality, she is more at risk of harm from reckless drivers. What heuristic is she applying is this situation?

Availability heuristic

Jenner has a dream of a career devoted to the reduction and eventual elimination of HIV/AIDS. What does the text recommend as an approach to address a substantial, large-scale problem such as HIV/AIDS?

Break the problem down into component parts with intermediate goals.

Bertram has had a whirlwind of a first semester of college, and now that finals are over, he is concerned about his weight gain during the past few months. He is determined to make a plan to address his weight gain problem. First, he must generate possible solutions. What should he do next?

Choose the best solution to implement.S

Professor Simon calls on Wynonna to state the definition of "intelligence." She responds by describing intelligence as "the ability to understand complex ideas, adapt effectively to the environment, learn from experience, communicate quickly and efficiently, and overcome obstacles." Which part of her definition is inaccurate?

Communicate quickly and efficiently

Of the following, who has a speech pattern comparable to that of a person with Wernicke's aphasia?

Dan, who speaks rapidly, fluently, and with good grammar, but rarely makes sense

Of the following, who has a speech pattern comparable to that of Paul Broca's research subject Leborgne?

Diego can produce a few syllables, but he is able to answer numerical questions by raising the appropriate number of fingers on his left hand.S

Which of the following reflects the current understanding of whether the two languages of bilingualism are represented in different parts of the brain?

Different languages overlap depending on the timing of learning and proficiency in each language.

Which of the following is the most effective method to produce the fastest language learning and to support the social nature of language use?

Engaging in two-way interaction in the form of conversation

In which of the following ways does a typical child first learn language?

Evan seems to learn words and form small sentences effortlessly with no specific instruction.

Which of the following is true?

Exemplars provide a better way of thinking about the variability of a category than prototypes.

Which of the following is a problem that children with intellectual disability commonly face?

Forming insecure attachments with their caregivers

According to Benjamin Lee Whorf's hypothesis of linguistic relativity, what affects a person's ability to think about a topic?

Having a rich vocabulary on the topic

You and your roommates have been playing a massive multiplayer online game for hours. You take a break to clear your minds and decide to debate the meaning of the terms heuristic and algorithm for fun. Which of the following would be an accurate contribution to your debate?

Heuristics do not guarantee a solution.

Ella is 4 years old and expanding her schema regarding dogs. The dog that she knows the best is her neighbor's golden retriever, Gus. She was recently told by her neighbor that dogs like to roll in grass with distinctive, or "smelly," odors. Under what circumstances is she most likely to extend that fact to all dogs?

She sometimes sees dogs through the car window that are rolling in the grass.

Which of the following pairs expresses an arguably correct relationship with regard to language learning?

Nature-inborn capacity for language

According to a report on endangered languages, what percentage of the world's spoken languages may soon be lost?

Nearly half

How is the term cognition, derived from the Latin word cogito, described in your text?

Internal mental processes including information processing, thinking, reasoning, and problem solving

Of the following, who best demonstrates social or emotional intelligence?

Jimmy, who is 5 years old and able to resist eating one marshmallow long enough to be rewarded with two

Joe has been a homicide detective in Colorado Springs for several years, and he is good at his job. He is often called on by other detectives to help with difficult cases. Which of the following reflects his fluid intelligence?

Joe finds that when he reads through a file, a detail will leap out at him as peculiar to the flow of events, which then helps to focus the direction of the investigation.

At the start of the spring semester, Marie decides that she will focus more on her physical health. Her solution is to start jogging, with a goal of running in the annual Memorial Day 10K. After training for several weeks, Marie completed the race but needed to walk for the last mile. What would be the next step for her as an effective problem-solving strategy?

Look back to see if the original problem has been solved.

Which of the following is true of mental images?

People can turn visual mental images around in their minds, zoom in or out, and identify their features.

Which of the following is true regarding theories of general intelligence and multiple intelligences?

Purely cognitive abilities, such as verbal, mathematical, spatial, and logical skills, show strong positive correlations with one another.

Which of the following is the best example of problem solving?

Roy is worried about his persistent sore throat. He does research on the Internet and decides to contact his doctor.

Marvin, who lives in San Francisco, has been asked to host a teenage alien, Regor, as part of an intergalactic exchange program. Marvin is sure that Regor would love to experience the adventure of sailing but decides he should introduce the concept of a "sailboat" first. Marvin tries to describe the common features of a sailboat. He explains that they are pointed at the front and square at the back, have a tall mast to hold up the sail, and have one or two triangular sails. Which of the following demonstrates a problem with this approach?

Some sailboats have more than one mast and more than two sails.

Which of the following is a phoneme?

The "sh" in ship

Based on the longitudinal study of gifted children initiated in 1921, which of the following was found to be true through their adulthood?

They enjoyed better physical health.

What is the most important element when generating possible solutions to a problem?

Time

Who is most likely to be experiencing a decline in fluid intelligence?

William, who is 60 and a retired school teacher

Place the following conditions in order from the least difficulty to the most difficulty in terms of the ability to learn language.

Williams syndrome, Down syndrome, mutation in FOXP-2 gene

Which group is most likely to use visual images in their thought processes?

Young children

Leena's and Ruth's mother takes them shopping for prom dresses. The sales clerk at the dress shop sees each daughter separately but recommends the same prom dress for both. The sales clerk tells Leena the dress will cost 75% of the regular price. She tells Ruth the dress will cost 25% less than the regular price. Ruth leaves the dress shop feeling that the same dress is a better deal for her than for Leena. This is an example of

a framing effect.

Bertram has had a whirlwind of a first semester of college, and now that finals are over, he is concerned about his weight gain during the past few months. He feels that he has never been athletic and, therefore, could not possibly begin training for long distance running, though he would like to become more physically active to address his weight gain. This reflects

a limited sense of self-efficacy.

Good decision making is

a skill that can be taught.

Human beings produce more than 500 different phonemes, of which the English language uses

about 45.

Children with average IQ scores showed a peak thickening of cortical gray matter around the age of 8, while children with superior IQ scores experienced a peak thickening at around

age 13.

An attentional circuit involving the insula, the anterior cingulate cortex, and the _____ seems to play a role in complex social decision making, such as deciding whom to trust.

amygdala

Chimpanzees, bonobos, and gorillas have a part of the brain that is

analogous to the human Broca's area.

Studies on patients with brain damage suggest that our brains have been shaped in a way that provides a survival advantage. Many of these patients who have specific deficits in processing categories perform differently from control participants in one domain:

animals versus nonliving things.

The loss of the ability to speak or understand language is called

aphasia.

At the start of the spring semester, Marie decides that she will focus more on her physical health. Her solution is to start jogging with a goal of running in the annual Memorial Day 10K. The most critical element for Marie to successfully implement her solution is to

approach it with careful planning.

Language has been defined as a system for communicating thoughts and feelings using

arbitrary signals such as voice sounds, gestures, or written symbols.

Damage to the frontal lobes, such as that suffered by Phineas Gage, reliably produces

impulsivity and poor judgment.

According to current research, the brain has

complex pathways for processing language that connect Broca's and Wernicke's areas to other cortical areas involved in cognition.

The ability to think logically using specific learned knowledge is called _____ intelligence.

crystallized

The _____ approach suggests that language results from some innate capacity shaped by natural selection, which implies that we might be able to find precursors of human language in the behavior of other animals.

evolutionary

Children with several different types of bilingualism outperformed monolingual English speakers on tasks of

executive control.

Marvin, who lives in San Francisco, has been asked to host a teenage alien, Regor, as part of an intergalactic exchange program. Marvin is sure that Regor would love to experience the adventure of sailing but decides he should introduce the concept of a "sailboat" first. Marvin shares as many details as he can remember about the small sailboat he had as a child. This is called a(n)

exemplar.

Marvin, who lives in San Francisco, has been asked to host a teenage alien, Regor, as part of an intergalactic exchange program. Marvin is sure that Regor would love to experience the adventure of sailing but decides he should introduce the concept of a "sailboat" first. Marvin suggests that Regor compare the features of an item that he thinks might be a sailboat with a checklist of sailboat features. If there are sufficient overlapping features, he might determine that it is a sailboat. This could be considered a

feature detection model.

The ability to think logically without the need to use learned knowledge was called _____ intelligence by Charles Spearman.

fluid

Studies of people with brain damage show that _____ is negatively affected by damage to the frontal lobes.

fluid intelligence

A possible barrier to successful problem solving, in which a concept is considered only in its most typical form, is called

functional fixedness.

Compared to typical readers, readers with dyslexia showed

greater activation of Broca's area, which participates in speech production.

The recognition heuristic

has been shown to beat other, more conventional means of selecting stocks.

Many scholars, including linguists Noam Chomsky and Steven Pinker, believe that human beings

have an inborn capacity for learning language.

Low levels of activity in the anterior cingulate cortex are associated with

hoarding behaviors.

Marvin, who lives in San Francisco, has been asked to host a teenage alien, Regor, as part of an intergalactic exchange program. Marvin is sure that Regor would love to experience the adventure of sailing, but decides he should introduce the concept of a "sailboat" first. Marvin begins by sharing the dictionary definition of a boat: "a small vessel propelled on water by oars, sails, or an engine." The primary problem with this definition is that it

is broader than the information Regor needs to identify sailboats.

Ape language must be taught laboriously, word order does not seem to matter to apes, and describing word use like "waterbird" as creative could be the product of trainer assumptions. This may support an argument that trainers of the apes might be

making biased observations.

Wes is always looking for the ultimate in everything: the best burger, the best movie, the best smartphone. He likes to think that he holds himself to similar high standards. According to research studies, Wes would be considered a

maximizer.

A person with moderate intellectual disability

may complete a second-grade curriculum, though often not until the age of 18.

The childhood ability to directly access visual images may be overwritten or interfered with by the development of

more sophisticated language skills.

Evaluation is an ongoing process, but it is especially important

once a solution has been fully implemented.

Jet and Rylee need to finish a project for an engineering class. Jet is fearful that they won't finish by the due date because Rylee works for four hours every evening, and Jet believes that Rylee isn't serious enough about school because Rylee is working part time. Jet's view of the problem and solution is limited by

personal biases.

When looking to carry out a decision, one of the most critical elements in successfully implementing a solution is

planning.

Individuals with a normal IQ score who perform poorly on standard measures of social and emotional intelligence are more likely to show damage to the connections between

prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and insula.

The causal factors for mild intellectual disability are typically

preventable environmental causes.

American Sign Language is

processed primarily by the left hemisphere, similar to other languages.

Tinesha comes into the first session of Introduction to Psychology class and sees a woman wearing blue jeans and a hoodie sitting at the front of class. She does not say anything to her, and assumes that she is just someone sitting in the room. When more students show up and the woman doesn't leave, Tinesha starts to wonder if she is going to cause a problem. When she stands up and says, "Hello everyone, I'm Dr. Lawrence and I will be teaching your psychology class this semester," Tinesha starts to wonder whether this will be a good class. Tinesha's perception of Dr. Lawrence is probably affected by the fact that she does not represent a common _____, or average "image," of a college professor.

prototype

Perry, an attorney, is attending a hearing at the federal courthouse. He opens the courthouse door for a young woman with a guide dog. When Perry enters the room of the hearing, he is stunned to see that the assigned judge is the same woman. Perry had applied the

representativeness heuristic.

Morphemes are combined into phrases and sentences according to

rules of grammar.

Marvin, who lives in San Francisco, has been asked to host a teenage alien, Regor, as part of an intergalactic exchange program. Marvin is sure that Regor would love to experience the adventure of sailing but decides he should introduce the concept of a "sailboat" first. After some time studying, Regor has learned quite a bit about sailboats and is now excited about experiencing life on the water. So, Marvin and his dad take Regor sailing one weekend. Regor now has a set of beliefs, expectations, and personal experiences related to sailboats and sailing to which he can add new information. This is called a

schema.

The primary intention of an IQ test is to predict

school performance.

Concept formation is

seen in human beings, as well as in diverse categories of animals.

A heuristic is a(n)

shortcut to problem solving, also known as a "rule of thumb."

Broadly speaking, knowledge is the entire body of information acquired through study, investigation, observation, and experience. To manage all of this knowledge, the mind often uses _____, or mental representations, to signify information.

symbols

The affected area of the brain in Wernicke's aphasia is in the

temporal lobe, near the primary auditory cortex.

The availability heuristic is a rule of thumb in which

the frequency of an event's occurrence is predicted by the ease with which the event is brought to mind.

A morpheme is

the smallest component of speech that carries meaning.

Standard measures of intelligence are positively correlated with

the thickness of the cerebral cortex, particularly in the prefrontal cortex and temporal lobes.

Concepts can guide our thinking and be continually tested for accuracy against new, incoming information, such as by judging category membership. In this way, concept formation can be viewed as a type of

theory building.

Upon autopsy, Paul Broca found that his research subject Leborgne had significant damage

to the left frontal lobe.

Rajon is trying to decide between majoring in communications and majoring in engineering. He considers the intensity of each major since he will be on the varsity football team next year, his interest in the subject matter of the required courses in each field, and the likelihood of finding a job after graduation. He has employed

utility theory.

An analysis of more than 500 contemporary languages has demonstrated that the number of speech sounds in a language decreases systematically

with the culture's distance from Africa along migration routes.