Chapter 10 Quiz and Terms

Social constructionism is a theory that argues that

the social world is constructed and maintained by social institutions

According to Tunstall, American mass media have been so successful in selling their cultural commodities worldwide because

they are based on simple formulas derived from folk culture

Social Behaviorism

View of learning that focuses on the mental processes and the social environment in which learning takes place.

Goffman's frame analysis argues that although people have the capacity to reframe their experience on an ongoing basis, we maintain the impression that our experiences are constant and routine. We do this by

committing ourselves to live in the primary reality

Alfred Schutz, originator of the concept of typifications, encouraged his students to

explore the mysteries of everyday experience

Specific sets of expectations that people use to make sense of social situations at given points in time are called

frames

Both symbolic interaction and social construction assume that it is _________ that allows the construction, maintenance, and efficient operation of culture.

shared meaning

According to Erving Goffman, we are constantly

shifting between various social worlds as we move through daily life

According to social construction of reality, ________ are objects expressly designed to impart subjective meaning.

signs

Typifications

"Mental images" that enable people to quickly classify objects and actions and then structure their own actions in response.

Mead used the example of a baseball team to illustrate how people routinely learn

social roles

Frame

A specific set of expectations used to make sense of a social situation at a given point in time.

Frame Analysis

Goffman's idea about how people use expectations to make sense of everyday life.

Primary or Dominate Reality

In frame analysis, the real world in which people and events obey certain conventional and widely accepted rules

Sign

In symbolic interaction, any element in the environment used to represent another element in the environment.

Symbols

In symbolic interaction, artificial signs for which there is less certainty of response.

Artificial Signs

In symbolic interaction, elements that have been constructed to represent something else in the social world.

Natural Signs

In symbolic interaction, things occurring in nature that represent something else in nature.

Is a conversation between two friends an example of communication commodity?

No

Commodification of Culture

The study of what happens when culture in mass-produced and distributed in direct competition with locally based cultures.

Phenomenology

Theory developed by European philosophers focusing on individual experience of the physical and social world.

Social Construction of Reality

Theory that assumes an ongoing correspondence of meaning because people share a common sense about its reality.

Symbolic Interactionism

Theory that people give meaning to symbols and that those meanings come to control those people.

In Gender Advertisements, Goffman argues that advertising routinely shows women to be __________ than men

less serious

When framing theorists assess the way journalists frame news about science they are

pessimistic because the frames are likely to produce incorrect interpretations

Advertising strategies that encourage people to attach certain symbolic meaning to products and experience these as real-attributes are making an effort to

position a product

A communication theory that examines who participates in transforming communication into action, in which sectors and institutions of society, with what basis in everyday life, by what form of consensus concerning criteria and procedures, and with what consequences for the structure of society is said to be a __________ theory.

pragmatist

In frame analysis, ________ is the real world in which people and events obey certain conventional and widely accepted rules.

primary or dominant reality