Chapter 10 sociology

In 2012 the percentages of divorce broken down by times married: ___% 3+ times ____% 2 times ____% 1 time

3.3, 2.6, 1.7

___ of marriage is religious or legal determination that a marriage was never valid

annulment

Any family that includes stepparents, step siblings, or half-siblings

blended family

The increase of divorce and remarriage in modern society can be connected to the 3 themes of the textbook:

family diversity, social class inequality, and social change

For women, this means that if they have employment outside the house and it can give them self- sufficiency, they are more likely to leave unhappy marriages

independence effect

In 2012 the percentages of divorce broken down by ethnicity: ___% Asian ___% White ___% Hispanic ___ % Black ___% American Indian

1.2, 1.8, 2.0, 3.1, 3.5

In 2012 the percentages of divorce broken down by education: __% less than high school ___% BA or higher ___% Some college ____% High school only

1.7, 1.4, 2.4, 2.0

Divorce rates are much higher than they were __ years ago

150

Multiple married are common for individuals age 55-64 Most of these individuals were married for the first time in___ and their marriages were the most likely to end in divorce

1970

When did the divorce revolution take place?

1970s

Divorce rates peaked around ___ before beginning to decline

1980

The percentages of first marriages ending in separation or divorce within 10 years by age at first marriage : When spouses are under age ___ when they fist marry, 50% of these marriages break up - This compared to a ___ percent breakup rate for marriages where the spouses are over the age of 25 when they first marry

20, 25

overall, women are about ___% more likely to be in poverty than men

3

In 2012 the percentages of divorce broken down by years married: ___% 0-4 years ___% 5-9 years ___% 10-14 years ___% 15-19 years ____% 25-34 years ___ % 35-49 years ___% 50+ years

3.1, 3.2, 2.6, 1.9, 1.3, .6, .2

The percentage of marriages that will end in divorce is calculated at between ___ and ___

40, 50

___ can be a problem with some same-sex couples who are not allowed to legally marry

Boundary ambiguity

Annulments remain important for some ____, who may still have a very negative view of divorce

Catholics

Type of divorce rate that: 1. Is used to tell how common divorce is in the entire country 2. It is also useful as a rough comparison to ascertain long-term historical trend even back when the data were not as plentiful 3. Currently, the ___ divorce rate in the US is 3.9 divorces for every 1,000 people in the country

Crude

____ children are more likely to experience blended families

Hispanic

Independence can work to strengthen marriages as well. Couples with high levels of education and high incomes are less likely to get divorced. This is called the ____ of employment

Income effect

The term ___ is used in lieu of divorce at times because some couples who separate do not follow through and get a legal divorce

Marital dissolution

___ is the end of a marriage through permanent separation or divorce

Marital dissolution

Couples are more likely to get divorced when: They spend less time together and disagree about a lot and fight all the time. Which is an example of:

Relationship Dynamics

The nature of marriage is affected by the ways in which individuals come together and form couples. The age of the individuals when they first get married is also an important consideration

The matching process

The situation in which family members do not know or do not agree on who is in the family and what role each person plays

boundary ambiguity

One of the central concerns of divorce is the stress it may place on individuals, especially____

children

In early ___ separation by mutual agreement or desertion occurred, but individuals could not be legitimately remarry unless they were granted an annulment by the church

christianity

Under early___, religious authorities began to impose strict limits on marriage and divorce

christianity

The __ divorce rate is simply the number of divorces that have occurred in one year in the entire population

crude

The 3 different divorce rates

crude, refined, divorce-marriage ratio

While it is impossible to predict the future there are two methods that can help predict the ___ of the future 1. Look at the marriage and divorce history of older people today 2. Calculate what would happen if a recent year in the past happened over and over again

divorce

Divorce reforms to the the legal system influenced by the __ movement and geared toward emancipating women from traditions and laws that reinforced gender inequality

feminist

During the period from 1960 to 1980 there was a dramatic ___ in divorce that was termed the divorce revolution

increase

(Compares "typical" income for married men and women with full-time jobs before and after a divorce) This shows the __ in available income for men and the ___ in the available income for women and children if the children go live with the mother and the spouses' incomes remain the same

increase, decrease

Researchers have linked having a higher income with ___ stability and happiness and reduced stress

increased

Research shows the role of women's independence had two types of effects

independence effect, income effect

Divorce almost always ___ a woman's household income

lowers

Marriage is now viewed more as an expression of ____ than ____

personal fulfillment, social obligation

(crude divorce rate) during the Great Depression, many individuals ___ divorce because they couldn't afford to live on their own

postponed

The ___ divorce rate tells us how many divorces there are for every 1,000 married couples in the country

refined

Type of divorce rate: 1. Tells us how common divorce is among married couples specifically, not just in the entire population 2. This figure can be broken down by education, race/ethnicity and so on

refined

Some researchers also use the term ____ to apply to the separation of a couple in a committed relationship who has never been married

relationship dissolution

There has been a consistent ___ in the crude divorce rate from 1860 to 1981, with the exception of a few notable events that disrupted the overall trend

rise

Stress levels __ and are __ before divorce or separation - After divorce or separation, stress levels fall back to a level near that of stably married adults

rise, higher

(crude divorce rate) after WW2 there was a significant ___ in the divorce rate when many couples who had quickly married before the war divorced now the war was over

spike

In modern society, the ___ as an institutional arena has taken more and more authority and control away from the church; especially where divorce is concerned

state

The shift from religious authority to ___ authority also corresponds to the shift from marriage as a social arrangement to one of individual expression

state

The word ___ is also used even in relationships that do not involve formal marriage. It was added to the kin label to indicate that a family member was related by marriage and not by "blood"

step