Chapter 10: Solids, Liquids, and Gases

Fluid

A fluid is a substance that can flow and therefore take the shape of its container.

Define the liquid state according to the kinetic molecular theory.

A liquid is a form of matter with definite volume and takes the shape of whatever container it is in.

Define Solid in terms of Kinetic Molecular Theory

A solid has particles that are closely packed because their intermolecular forces are stronger between the particles. These particles are in a relatively fixed position

What is an Amorphous Solid?

An amorphous solid is one in which the particles are arranged randomly.

What is an ideal gas?

An ideal gas is a hypothetical gas that perfectly fits all the assumptions of the kinetic molecular theory.

Boiling

Boiling is the conversion of a liquid to a vapour within the liquid as well as its surface

Capillary Action

Capillary action is the attraction of surface of a liquid to the surface of a solid, this pulls liquid molecules upward along the surface and against the pull of gravity. This is how transpiration works.

Condensation

Condensation is the process by which a gas changes to a liquid

What are Crystalline Structures?

Crystalline solids are solids consisting of crystals.

What are crystals?

Crystals are substances in which the particles are arranged in an orderly, geometric, repeating pattern.

What are the seven types of symmetry that are present in the crystal structure?

Cubic, Tetragonal, Hexagonal, Trigonal, Orthorhombic, Monoclinic, triclinic

Describe the difference between diffusion and effusion.

Diffusion is the spontaneous mixing of the particles of two substances caused by their random motion. Effusion is the process by which gas particles pass through a tiny opening.

List three attractive forces in liquids

Dipole-Dipole forces,London Dispersion, and Hydrogen Bonding

Fluidity

Due to weak intermolecular forces, gas particles glide easily past one another, which causes gases to behave as liquids do.

Evaportation

Evaporation is the process by which particles escape from the surface of a nonbinding liquid and enter the gas state.

Why does evaporation occur?

Evaporation occurs because the particles of a liquid have different kinetic energies, some being high enough to overcome the attractive forces.

What is a type of vaporization?

Evaportation

What are both liquids and gases referred to as?

Fluids

Freezing

Freezing is the physical change of a liquid to a solid by removal of energy as heat.

Compressibility

Gas particles are crowded closer together, which decreases the volume

In terms of gas, do they have a low or high density?

Gases have a low density, about 1/1000 of that substance in either liquid or solid state.

Expansion

Gases have neither definite shape or volume, and are able to complete fill any container in which they are enclosed

How are hydrogen bonds formed?

Hydrogen bonds are formed within other water molecules beneath them, this causes the water molecules to be drawn together, and toward the body of liquid.

What are the four different crystal types?

Ionic-Positive and Negative ions in a regular pattern Covalent Network Crystals- each atom is covalently bonded to it's nearest neighboring atom Metallic Crystal- Metal cations surrounded by a sea of delocalized valence electrons

Under which conditions would a real gas behave?

It would behave under high temperatures and low pressures.

Explain Kinetic Molecular Theory.

Kinetic Molecular Theory is based on the idea that particles of matter are constantly in motion, this is used to explain the properties of solids, liquids and gases.

What is transferred between two particles during collisions?

Kinetic energy is transferred between two particles, but the total kinetic energy remains the same.

Explain Compressibility in terms of liquids.

Liquids are less compressible than gases since liquid particles are more closely packed together.

Explain density, in terms of liquids.

Liquids are more dense than gas, which is the result of a close arrangement of particles. *Water becomes LESS dense when it solidifies*

Is the diffusion rate of a solid low or high?

Low

Melting

Melting is the physical change of a solid to a liquid by the addition of energy as heat.This occurs due to the kinetic energy of particles overcoming the attractive forces holding them together.

Explain density, in terms of solids.

Solids are most dense out of all states of matter, and results from the closely packed particles of a solid.

Explain compressibility in terms of solids.

Solids are not compressible due to their particles.

What are supercooled liquids?

Supercooled liquids are substances that retain certain liquid properties even at temperatures at which they appear to be solid.

Surface Tension

Surface tension is a force that tends to pull adjacent parts of a liquid's surface together, thereby decreasing surface area to the smallest possible size. This results from the attractive forces, the higher the force of the attraction, the higher the surface area.

What is the Unit Cell?

The Unit Cell is the smallest portion of a crystal lattice that shows the three-dimensional pattern of the entire lattice.

Boiling Point

The boiling point is the temperature of a liquid at which the equilibrium vapour pressure of the liquid equals the atmospheric pressure

Melting Point

The melting point is the temperature at which a solid becomes a liquid.

What occurs when a gas is heated?

The particles move father apart, and begin to move faster. This causes more collisions between the particles and a higher kinetic energy.

Vaporization

The process by which a liquid or solid changes to a gas.

Molar Enthalpy of Vaporization

This is the amount of energy as heat that is needed to vaporize one mole of liquid at the liquids boiling point.

What are the five assumptions of the Kinetic Molecular Theory?

1. Gases consist of large numbers of tiny particles that are far apart, relative to their size. 2. Collisions between gas particles and between particles and container walls are elastic collisions. 3. Gas particles are in continuous, rapid, and random motion and therefore possess kinetic energy 4. There are no forces of attraction between gas particles 5. The temperature of a gas depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles of gas, which is expressed in the equation KE=1/2mv^2