Chapter 10: The late 1960s, Chapter 9: The 1960s, Chapter 8, Ch 7 Postwar Era, Chapter 6

Brenda Lee

Became known as Little Miss Dynamite. She was the first true female rocker. Not as tame as Connie Francis. Achieved popularity in 1960, by which point America was ready for female rockers.

Chuck Berry

Burst onto the scene with Maybellene in 1955 which sounded like nothing before it. The song had an explosive tempo that was unlike any R&B song before it. Berry was born in California but grew up in St. Louis where he learned about R&B. He combined Blues with Country music to appeal to white audiences as well. His music was an explicit celebration of American teenage culture. He addressed his songs to all of teenage America, both white and black. His song "Johnny B. Goode" influenced generations of kids who thought they had musical talent to become musicians. He had a much greater influence on future musicians than even Elvis, who was more popular than him.

Chubby Checker

Did a cover of The Twist in 1960 on a dancing show called American Bandstand. After he recorded the cover, it became extremely popular. The dance related to the song was also very popular with young people. It was one of the first popular dances that didn't require a partner or any other people to dance with you at all. Free-form dances eventually lead to go-go dancers who performed in clubs where rock was performed.

Kitty Wells

Her msuci specialized in songs of love and betrayal Her popularity spread over radio

Frank Sinatra

His career was starting to wane in the early 1950s, and so he reinvented himself and started doing new versions of old standards. This led to him regaining his popularity.

Ernest Tubb

One of the first musicians to move toward a harder-edged version of country music.

Rosemary Clooney

Performed Mambo Italiano in 1954.

Mambo No. 5

Performed by Perez Prado and His Orchestra in 1949.

My Girl

Performed by the Temptations in 1965. Produced by Berry Gordon's Motown Records. Moderate-tempo love ballad

Taking a Chance on Love

Recorded 1940 by Benny Goodman. Arranged by Fletcher Henderson and Composed by Vernon Duke. Orchestrated version of a popular Tin Pan Alley song. AABA Thirty Two Bar structure.

Respect

Recorded by Aretha Franklin in 1967. This song is a cover of a song originally written by a man, and Aretha's version twists the gender roles so that the woman is in power.

Jump Blues

The first commercially successful category of R&B. Came about just after WWII. Influenced by boogie-woogie. Choo Choo Ch'boogie is an example of this. The most successful jump band was led by Louis Jordan.

Roy Claxton Acuff

The most popular hillbilly singer of the Swing Era. Formed his own band in 1938 and joined the cast of Grand Ole Opry. His music was rooted in old-timey southern music. His band used instruments associated with the south, such as the fiddle, banjo, and guitar.

Cadence

The pace of the song

Chicago Electric Blues

This was a response to the demands of Chicagoans for rougher grittier styles combining African american folk traditions with urban music.

Melisma

common in African American Song traditions. Where the singer sighs, sobs, and stretches out each syllable out over many melodic notes.

Double-Tracking

A technique where two of the same version of the vocals are overlaid on the track.

Covering

Artists would copy the songs of other artists. This was a major influence in increasing the crossover success of black music as white covers of black artists' records would be heard by white audiences and homogenize the musical tastes of the two audiences.

Bill Monroe

Bluegrass singer who sang It's Mighty Dark to Travel in 1947.

Willie Dixon

Composed Hoochie Coochie Man

Jukeboxes

Popularized the hits of the big bands between 1935 and 1945.

Good Vibrations

Recorded by the Beach Boys in 1966. Written by Brian Wilson. The most innovative single from the 1960s. Everything about the song is very unusual. The song sounds very otherworldly. Part of what makes it so weird is the theremin.

Jo-Ann Campbell

She was a blonde bombshell who achieved no success.

Janis Joplin

The most successful white blues singer of the 1960s. Also a San Francisco native. She wasn't a success with black audiences and never crossed over into the R&B charts. Her recording of "Summertime" by George and Ira Gershwin gave the impression that she was a sweet, vulnerable person whose tough exterior and reliance on drugs was a defense mechanism against life's disappointments.

Payola

The practice where record labels bribed radio dj's to play their songs more often. Came under legal scrutiny in the mid 1950s.

Milt Gabler

The white record producer who worked with black artist Louis Jordan.

Bluegrass Music

This was a refurbished neotraditionalist version of southern music. An example of this is Bill Monro's It's Mighty Dark to Travel. At its core it's music for instrumentalists because it features a lot of instrumental improvised solos called breakaways. Never really dominated country charts.

Top 40 Radio Programming

This was an idea developed in the early 1950s where radio dj's would play the same songs over and over, rather than getting a ton of variety. Part of the reason it developed is that the music industry wanted more control over what people listened to. Led to the practice of payola.

The Nashville Sound

This was the characteristic country-tinged pop sounds of musicians like Elvis.

Radio

This was the most important method of popularizing music during the Swing era. Disk Jockeys started playing phonograph recordings over radio instead of always having live performances during the 1930s. Most famous of these was Make Believe Ballroom.

Pete Seeger

Urban Folk singer who led the Weavers. They were formed in 1948 and also included Woodie Guthrie. They were falsely accused of being communists and this ended their career. Their songs followed the strophic folk ballad tradition. They were the first world beat artists. Although their songs are folksy, we count them as pop music because the broke onto the charts.

Benny Goodman

"The King of Swing" Started working in 1927, the depression years. Led a dance orchestra between 1935 and 1945. Got his first big break in 1934 in California, where people liked the "hot" arrangements he played. He bought most of his early arrangements from Fletcher Henderson and was heavily influenced by them. First white musician to hire black performers. Different from Paul Whiteman because he was closer to jazz and actually improvised.

Bossa Nova

A Brazilian genre of dance that developed in the early 1960s. Initiated by Joao Gilberto. This dance was a blend of Samba rhythms. The instrumentation consists of an acoustic guitar played with the fingers, plus piano, string base, and drums played in the Samba style. Bossa Nova became a staple for jazz musicians during the 1960s.

Barbra Streisand

A Broadway and Hollywood star who was also a successful musician. She wasn't very innovative but she was definitely popular.

Ray Barretto

A New York-born musician and bandleader of Puerto Rican descent who played conga in mambo bands during the 50s. His most famous song was El Watusi which he recorded in 1962. It was based on the charanga, which was a genre that rose to popularity in the early 60s. Charanga was an energetic style of Afro-Cuban dance. His song gained a lot of popularity due to an unrelated dance called the Watusi.

Ramon Mongo Santamaria

A bugalu / Latin Soul musician. He was originally a Cuban Conga Drum player. His most famous song was Watermelon Man, which he recorded in 1963.

Western Swing

A combination of country fiddle music, blues, boogie-woogie, and swing music. This genre originated in Texas which is why it reflects the mixture of cowboy, Tex-Mex, German, and Czech music.

Alan Freed

A dj who was probably the first person to use the term rock 'n' roll. He discovered that a lot of white kids were requesting R&B music. He promoted African American musicians despite the resistance from society as a whole. A TV show he sponsored was canceling for showing a black singer and a white girl dancing together. He was charged with taking payola and arrested for anarchy. Eventually he was blackballed within the music industry and died broke.

Harry Belafonte

A folk singer of Jamaican and West Indian parentage who popularized calypso music in the mid 1950s. He was a pioneer of world music because he introduced Jamaican, Israeli, and South African music to the US.

The Kingston Trio

A group formed in 1957 named after the capital of Jamaica. The group had smooth, pop-style performances of folk songs and played acoustic instruments. They represented the depoliticized cleaned up version of the Weavers. They were able to appeal to young listeners while not scaring mom and dad. They were optimistic and enthusiastic and their music wasn't very deep.

Magnetic Tape Recording

A new technology that allowed for better recording as well as overdubbing, where parts of the tape were replaced or added to after the original recording.

Feedback

A technique with the electric guitar where that sounded like creaming or crying. Used by Muddy Waters in electric blues music

Distortion

A technique with the electric guitar where you create dense, buzzing tone colors. Used by Muddy Waters in electric blues music

Phil Spector

Achieved great musical success at the age of 17. Began as a singer but then decided to emulate the pattern of Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller and became a songwriter/producer instead of a singer. He micromanaged his music label so hard that songs ended up being published under his own name rather than the actual singers or songwriters. His musical style became known as the "wall of sound" which was achieved by having multiple instruments double each individual part and then adding a bunch of echo. He then edited the music so that the vocals still came through clearly. Although he produced very few songs, he produced a lot of hits. Producers who followed him like George Martin of the Beatles tended to take a more involved role as well He also moved away from New York to LA, which is where the music industry as a whole ended up moving as well. He worked with Carole King.

Aretha Franklin

Achieved her breakout as a pop star in 1967. She basically produced nothing but hit albums for five years after that. Her songs embodied female empowerment, like the song "Sisters are Doin' it for Themselves". She inspired generations of female singers after her.

Bob Dylan

Acoustic folk music exploded during the early 1960s. Bob Dylan began as a folk singer, but by 1963 he was a folk rocker. Urban folk music was becoming a lot more politicized during the late 1960s, particularly because of the Vietnam War. His writing, particularly in "Blowin' in the Wind", showcases his gift for concise, poetic writing. This song is strophic in nature. Some of his songs had an ironic undertone, like "Don't Think Twice, It's All Right". Many people thought this was a love song, but in fact the title refers to what people might tell themselves to make themselves feel better. He wrote Like a Rolling Stone in 1965, which changed music forever.

Bugalu

Also called Latin Soul. Songs include Watermelon Man, recorded by Ramon Santamaria in 1963.

Vocal Harmony Groups

Also called doo-wop later on. Began with kids who sang for fun in groups in cities such as New York and Washington DC. Wasn't originally meant for profit until first vocal R&B groups found success.

Concept Album

An album with interrelated songs placed in a specific order. Not just a random collection of songs like most albums. The first rock concept album was Pet Sounds, released in 1966 by the Beach Boys.

John Hammond

An influential promoter, particularly on the jazz scene. Worked for Columbia Records. Helped popularize artists such as Benny Goodman, Billie Holiday, Count Basie, and eventually Aretha Franklin, Bob Dylan, and Bruce Springstein. Pushed Benny Goodman towards more black-influenced music.

Urban Folk

Appeared during the early 1950s Seemingly harmless singalongs that were actually about political protest.

Territory Bands

Bands during the 1920s and Early 1930s which toured the southwestern US and developed powerful styles with a lot of improvised solos. Kansas City style was more closely linked to country blues than to the style of the New York bands. Include the Bennie Moten Orchestra and Andy Kirk's Blue Devils. Boogie Woogie blues piano tradition.

Ruth Brown

Began her career in 1949. The most popular black female vocalist in America between 1951 and 1954. Sang "Mama, He Treats Your Daughter Mean". This song has an AAABA pattern and it is 16 bar blues. A lot of her songs showcased the power of a woman in a relationship, which wasn't something commonly expressed in 1950's music.

Patsy Cline

Began her career in 1957 with crossover success from country to pop. She was still able to do this even in 1961 when there was increasing segregation between the country and pop markets. Her songs were ballads with broad appeal and not really teen records. She demonstrated the influence of the Nashville sound on pop music, as did Connie Francis and Brenda Lee.

Johnnie Ray

Called the Prince of Wails because he had a highly emotional style. He practiced something called melisma, common in African American Song traditions, where he sighed, sobbed, and stretched each syllable out over many melodic notes. He had a lot of black fans as well as white ones. He was the link between the post-war crooners and the rock 'n' roll stars.

John "Dizzy" Gillespie

Championed the integration of jazz with Afro-Cuban music. This later went on to influence postwar jazz and bebop. He learned about Afro-Cuban music from Mario Bauza.

In the Mood

Composed and recorded in 1939 by Glenn Miller's Orchestra. Very predictable and unadventurous. The only interesting thing about it is that it has a trick ending where it gets very quiet and then suddenly becomes loud. The predictable nature of the song may have been appealing to Americans because of the chaos of World War II.

Caravan

Composed by Juan Tizol and Duke Ellington. Performed by Duke Ellington and His Orchestra. Recorded in 1937. 32 Bar AABA Form. Drums in this song add an exotic feeling and support the other instruments instead of just keeping the beat. This song features a lot of stereotypically oriental songs. This song features a lot of improvisation.

Eddy Arnold

Country crooner who combined country music with mainstream crooning style and achieved mainstream popularity. He started off as a country singer but then later became a country-tinged crooner.

Patti Page

Country singer born in Oklahoma who sold more records than any other female singer in the 1950s. She used multi-track tape recording to duet with herself. She did a pop-style version of country music that penetrated mainstream.

Hank Thompson

Created a popular variation of honky-tonk music by mixing it with western swing. His music was about the dislocations of urban working class-life nad the transience of male-female relationships.

Berry Gordy Jr.

Created his own songwriting / producing / marketing organization called Motown. He was determined to keep creative and financial aspects under African American control. This basically meant under his control. His music, however, was meant to cross racial boundaries and represent the sound of young America. His company's music tended to avoid R&B style and avoid the 12-bar blues form. Much like Phil Spector, he kept tight control over his operation and focused on producing a few number of songs, most of which were hits. His operation was grander in scale, however. Unlike Spector, Gordy also managed his performers, controlling their styles, their choreography, and even their behavior off-stage. This helped his singers and bands achieve name-recognition that would allow them to have long-lasting careers.

Joao Gilberto

Credited with initiating the bossa nova

Damaso Perez Prado

Damaso Perez Prado was the musician who did the most to popularize the mambo. He was from Cuba but later moved to Mexico City and finally the US. His music's popularity was helped by the musician's strike since Latin American musicians didn't care. The actual performances of mambo music involved a lot of repetition and unpredictable breaks, as well as yelling by Prado himself to get the audience into a frenzy. Mambo was also linked to sexuality, particularly middle aged people's sexuality. Weird.

Lindy Hop

Dance created by the Savoy Ballroom dancers in New York City (in Harlem) in the last 1920s. This dance differed from the dances of the early 20s because it focused on fluid horizontal movements instead of bouncing up and down. It also had a part where the partners break away and dance solo for a bit.

Swing

Developed in the late 1920s by black dance bands in New York, Chicago, and Kansas City. Pulled the music industry out of the great depression The name originally referred to the rocking momentum of the music as well as the emotional state of freedom attached to the music. The music industry coined the noun "swing" around 1935. Swing ballrooms supplanted Cabarets beginning in the 1930s. Swing musicians maintained a more sophisticated and erudite aesthetic than the orchestras of the 1920s. Listened to by Americans of all ethnic, social, and economic backgrounds. The more rigid, planned style (unlike the improvised style of jazz) has been associated with the increasing bureaucratization of government. The Swing era ended abruptly by 1946 once most of the big swing bands had broken up and a deep feud formed between radio stations and ASCAP as ASCAP was demanding higher royalties.

Bill Haley and the Comets

Did a cover version of Big Joe Turner's Shake Rattle and Roll. They censored some of the lyrics and made them less scandalous for AM radio and white audiences. Their version never hit the R&B charts, though it did very well on the top 40 charts. The band went on to have a very successful career. He originally had a cowboy image but dropped that when he saw which way the wind was blowing. His most popular song was "Rock around the Clock," which came out in 1955.

Clyde McPhatter

Early vocal harmony singer. Hired at 17 and had his first big hit in 1951. A large part of his success was attributed to naughty lyrics and a racking dance rhythm.

Mambo

Form of Latin dance music popular before rock 'n' roll. The word originally meant song or story. A branch of Cuban tradition that has roots in the work of Don Azpiazu, Xavier Cugat, and Machito. Also related to Rumba. Sounded like an up-tempo, energized polyrhythmic variant of big band music. Common intruments include percussion, string bass, and piano, as well as trumpets and saxophones. Sometimes there is an instrumental break.

Brian Wilson

Formed the beach boys in California in 1961. Wilson was a songwriter, arranger, producer, and performer. He took after the model of Phil Spector but unlike Spector, he performed on the records he produced. Known for producing teenage symphionies featuring vocal groups. The Beach Boys' first big hit, "Surfin' USA" borrowed a lot from Chuck Berry. 1960's Rock Group Process: 1. Master rock ballad and up-tempo styles 2. Create original material based on those styles 3. Create something original beyond traditional rock 'n' roll.

Fats Domino

He basically played the same music his whole career, though at first they called it R&B and later Rock 'n' Roll. This showcases how the genre labels created by record producers are basically arbitrary. The rise of Rock 'n' Roll made him very famous and successful, right behind Elvis. Little Richard based Long Tall Sally on one of his songs. He captured the New Orleans sound with very full throated singing.

Buddy Holly

He looked like a nerd, basically the opposite of Elvis. He was heavily influenced by Elvis and his musical style features country twang, hiccups, and expressive blue notes. He combined an air of toughness and vulnerability. He died when he was very young in what came to be known as the day the music died after American Pie came out. He frequently used double-tracking on his recordings, which is a technique where two of the same version of the vocals are overlaid on the track.

Ritchie Valens

He represented the Latin side of rock 'n' roll. He created a distinct LA Rock sound. His career lasted only 8 months because he died in 1959. His music was influenced by Mexican, country, western, and R&B music. His most original contribution to music was La Bamba.

Broadcast Music Incorporated

IN the 1940s, ASCAP had a feud with the radio broadcasters because they kept demanding more royalties. The radios formed their own licencing agency and signed a lot of country, western, rhythm & blue artists who had been ignored by ASCAP. ASCAP responded by withdrawing the rights to broadcast their music. Since Swing era music was mostly new versions of Tin Pan Alley songs, this forced the BMI artists to either write new music or do covers of really old songs. There was also another strike by the American Federation of Musicians that caused a rise in songs consisting only of singers backed by vocal choirs. By the time this strike ended, swing music was basically gone.

Independent Record Labels

Indie record labels began popping up during WWII specializing in hillbilly music. These labels were particularly common in towns such as Nashville, Los Angeles, and Cincinnati because these cities had particularly large populations of southern immigrants.

James Brown

James Brown and Aretha Franklin embodied soul music. Brown had a repetitive riff based style that pioneered early rap music. His music was very strophic and often didn't include chord changes.

Glenn Miller

Led a dance orchestra between 1935 and 1945 His dance band was the most popular dance band in the world between 1939 and 1942. Composed and performed in the mood. Has a trick ending where the band members get quieter and quieter until they suddenly have an explosive ending. RIP headphone users.

William "Count" Basie

Led a dance orchestra between 1935 and 1945. Lead the big band most associated with the blues during the Swing era. Born in New Jersey but spent his early career in Kansas City Missouri. Was promoted by John Hammond. He got screwed hard by the recording company early in his career which shows how disadvantaged black musicians were.

Duke Ellington

Led a dance orchestra between 1935 and 1945. The most successful dance orchestra at the Cotton Club in Harlem. By the time the Swing era came around, he had been making music for over 20 years. Some younger listeners found his music to be weird, and his popularity started to wane during the Swing era. Racism definitely reduced his popularity from what it could have been. Composed and performed Caravan in 1937

Louis Jordan

Led the most successful Jump Blues band. Began making records in 1939. Was very popular with black listeners, but was able to build a white audience as well. Although he was less popular than Nat King Cole, he had a much stronger influence on the future of music because Jump Blues led to Rock 'n' Roll and Soul music. Recorded Choo Choo Ch'Boogie in 1946. This song's title refers to the sound of a train, which was a common parallel for Boogie-woogie music. The song is about a hobo who is optimistic about finding a job but then realizes he hasn't done any internships. Had a white record producer name Milt Gabler.

Fletcher Henderson

Led the orchestra that played "Wrappin' It Up" in 1934.

Mariachi

Means marriage. Was popularized in the 1920s because the record companies wanted a Latin parallel to race/hillbilly music.

Booking Agencies

New York based corporations formed to represent professional musicians and promote their music. Largest was MCA (Music Corporation of America)

Supremes

One of the bands of Berry Gordon's Motown Records. Popular during the 1960s. Heavily managed both on and off the stage by Berry Gordon.

Sh-Boom

Original version by the Chords. This song looks like it would be a stereotypical love ballad in AABA structure, but the band made the decision to do it up-tempo and up-beat with some scat singing and an a cappella vocal introduction. It also had a saxophone solo. The Chords had a wide range of vocal timbres and used this to their advantage. The Crew Cuts did a cover of this song. Because they were all crooners, there wasn't much difference between the way the four of them sounded. Basically it was a lot worse than the original.

Rock 'n' Roll

Originally used to describe music purchased by teenagers in the mid 1950s. Initially there was confusion about what this genre was because Carl Perkins and Elvis Presley songs ended up on western and R&B and pop charts all at once. Let kids of the 1950s assert generational identity by rebelling against their parents. The 1950s invented the teenage market. This was when teenagers started becoming famous pop stars. Rock 'n' Roll was driven by covering as white artists covered black music. Since Rock 'n' Roll was the music of all young baby-boomers, covering was why the music had such a broad appeal. However, it was also akin to stealing since black artists were severely disadvantaged.

Paper Doll

Performed in 1942 by the Mills Brothers, music and lyrics published in 1915 bu Johnny S. Black. This song is based off the musical tradition of Jubilee groups, which were Afircan American vocal quartets popular in black churches. This is a jazz-influenced swing song. The mills brothers were the most popular vocal group of the Swing era. Doo-wop groups were influenced by them.

Brazil

Performed in 1943 by Xavier Cugat. The bestselling and well-known song by Xavier Cugat. The original Brazilian version of this song had a lot of cultural elements and was about samba as well as the race relationships of Brazil. Cugat's version removes all the cultural elements and turns it into a generic love song.

Muddy Waters

Pioneer of the Chicago Electric Blues. He was from the Mississippi Delta and reinvented the old Delta Blues style into what became the Chicago Electric Blues. Started using electric guitar instead of acoustic because of noisy crowds and demand for dance music. Used the bottleneck slide guitar technique, which involved using his guitar to create a steady, churning rhythms interspersed with blues licks, which were counterpoised with his voice in a kind of musical conversation. He had a growling style that came from Delta Blues. Performed Hoochie Coochie Man in 1954. The song was basically a bunch of bragging about his own power, cleverness, and sexual prowess. This comes from the African style of boast.

Psychedelic Rock

Psychedelic Rock was the counterculture of the 1960s. It was music for the people who weren't into the mainstream rock 'n' roll music. This was the music of the hippies, who had long hair and beards and wore beads as well as peasant or Eastern shirts, as well as blue jeans. Sometimes they also listened to Indian classical music. There was a lot of freedom in sexual activity as this was around the time female birth-control pills were successfully marketed. LSD was also a big part of the psychedelic rock counterculture.

Papa's Got a New Bag

Recorded by James Brown in 1965. This song uses the 12-bar blues pattern and also contains blues based stanzas. Features something called stoptime where the singing stops and there's a jazz solo for a bit which is followed by more intense singing.

Roots Rock

Rock music that came out during the late 1960s and early 1970s, an era when psychedelic music was popular, but sounded like rock music from the 1950s. This music was devoid of the weird psychedelic touches found in acid rock and other counterculture musical styles. The first Roots Rock band was the Credence Clearwater Revival.

Creedence Clearwater Revival

Ruled the pop charts in 1969, a year when counterculture was extremely popular due to political turmoil. They were and old-fashioned rock 'n' roll band that played 1950 tunes without any of the psychedelic touches. They were the first roots rock band. Their music wasn't reactionary, as it was still progressive and political without a specific style, similar to the style of Bob Dylan's music.

Soul Music

Sam Cooke was a pioneer of soul music. Cooke started off as a gospel singer who used his gospel influences to make pop music. The pop audience thought he was bringing a spiritual perspective to pop music. James Brown and Aretha Franklin embodied soul music. Brown had a repetitive riff based style that pioneered early rap music. His music was very strophic and often didn't include chord changes.

Janis Martin

She was promoted as the female Elvis during the mid 1950s. She made some rockabilly music and then basically just became irrelevant after she got married and got pregnant.

Big Joe Turner

Sings the vocals for Shake, Rattle, and Roll in 1954. This song is a 12-bar blues with AAB scheme. The song reached #1 on the R&B charts and #22 on the pop charts. Turner began his career during the Great Depression. By the time Shake, Rattle and Roll came out, he was too old to become successful and he was basically never relevant again. His story showcases the differences between the story of a black musician and a white musician doing the same song.

Political Attacks on Swing

Some leftists thought it represented democratic utopia. Others thought it was a precursor to totalitarianism. Conservatives thought it was amoral. A lot of the criticism was racist as the US was still very segregated along racial lines. Still, black swing bands had lots of white fans and white swing bands had lots of black fans.

Honky-Tonk Music

Sometimes called hard country or beer drinking music. Honky-tonks were drinking establishments that became sources of employment once prohibition was repealed. Honky-tonks featured country and western music.

Machito

Started a band called the Afro-Cubans in New York which specialized in a combination of Jazz and Afro-Cuban music. This was the sort of music that Dizzy Gillespie helped pioneer. The Afro-Cubans were the first band to utilize all the instruments of Cuban percussion: maracas, bongo, conga, and timbales. Brother-in-Law of Mario Bauza.

Frank Sinatra

Started his career during the Swing Era when he worked as a singing waiter, and later joined the Tommy Dorsey Orchestra. His career was helped by the musician's guild strike because he was able to find early jobs singing choiral backup. Had thousands of screaming teenage girls chasing after him. Everyone during his time was trying to copy Bing Crosby, but Sinatra went for a unique Italian style. He had the idea to make his voice like an instrument, playing lots of notes in succession without stopping to take a break. He played the microphone like an instrument, projecting a balance between emotion and reason, between feeling and technical prowess. Performed "Nancy with the Laughing Face" in 1945

Johnny Mathis

Started his career in 1957 as a latter-day crooner, which was pretty odd for the time since the crooner days were pretty much over.

Nancy With The Laughing Face

Sung by Frank Sinatra in 1945. Thirty-two bar AABA Form String accompaniment and a slow tempo.

Big Bands

Term used between 1935 and 1945 to refer to the most popular dance orchestras. Band leaders included Benny Goodman, Tommy Dorsey, Duke Ellington, Count Basie, and Glenn Miller. Their hits were popularized over radio and jukeboxes. Symbol of sophistication in big cities and towns.

Elvis Presley

The biggest star of the Rock 'n' Roll Era and possibly the biggest star in American musical history. Born to a poor family in Mississippi and later moved to Memphis. He was influenced from an early age by white gospel music and radio broadcasts of country and R&B. A lot of his early recordings had an R&B version on one side and a country version on the other side. Sam Phillips, the guy who discovered him, was looking for a white man with the Negro sound and the Negro feel. He recorded Mystery Train in 1955. His version is much faster and more upbeat. In the original version, the singer sounded like he was at the mercy of the train which had taken away his baby. In this version, however, the train will never take his baby away again. The song reflects a lot more rhythmic freedom. Recorded "Don't Be Cruel" in 1956. Based on 12-bar-blues with heavy country influence as well. This song also features a backbeat that came from swing and boogie-woogie. It also has a lot of reverb which was meant to sound like the slap-back echo sound of Elvis's old records.

Mario Bauza

The father of Latin Jazz. Played classical music in the Havana Symphony early in his career and studied American jazz from recordings and the radio. Moved to NYC in 1930 and played with top black dance bands. Met John Birks "Dizzy" Gillespie, who was interested in Afro-Cuban music. He and Gillespie helped combine jazz and Afro-Cuban music, which went on to influence postwar Machito was his brother-in-law

Jefferson Airplane

The first successful band to emerge from the San Francisco psychedelic scene. Began as an acoustic folk-rock band that played covers of Bob Dylan songs. They were part of what was called "acid rock". They were the paradoxical link between counterculture and profit-motivated bands.

Connie Francis

The first successful female rock singer. However, she was much more unthreatening than Wanda Jackson, which is probably why America was ready to accept her.

Gene Autry

The first successful singing cowboy. Born in Texas and gained fame during the early 1930s by performing on the National Barn Dance. He began as a hillbilly singer, but after he went to Hollywood in 1934, he started playing cowboy roles in movies. Over the course of 90 movies he cemented the archetype of the singing cowboy.

Nat "King" Cole

The greatest postwar crooner. Started his career during the swing era. Had a great influence on later jazz pianists. His most successful performances were sentimental ballads accompanies by elaborate orchestral arrangements. Basically carried LA-based Capitol Records through their early years. Performed Nature Boy in 1948

Little Richard

The most flamboyant of rock stars. His first two hits, Tutti Frutti and Long Tall Sally, were both filled with explicit sexual references, but radio producers thought that teenagers wouldn't get it. They were definitely wrong. His wild visual appearance and performing mannerisms captivated audiences and also influenced a lot of future musicians. His sexuality was also very ambiguous, which paved the way for David Bowie, Elton John, and Prince. He recorded Long Tall Sally in 1956. This song is an adaptation of 12-bar-blues to verse-chorus.

Bob Wills

The most important figure in popularizing Western Swing. His band became popular in Oklahoma during the late 1930s. He toured the southwestern US and later opened a nightclub in California that was extremely popular and caused Swing bands in California to adopt some Western Swing songs. The basis for his music was the southern string band, but he added elements from big band swing, such as call and response, as well as instruments including the trumpet, saxophone, and drums. This allowed him build a diverse audience bridging the gap between country and mainstream pop. His band recorded New San Antonia Rose in 1940.

Xavier Cugat

The most influential bandleader in popularizing Latin Music during the Swing Era. Known as the "Rhumba King." Began his career in LA but then moved to New York in 1932 where he did most of his music. He played standard American ballroom dances injected with Latin rhythms and elements such as maracas and claves. He also used the Argentine accordion, and the Mexican marimba. Performed Brazil in 1943.

Jimi Hendrix

The most influential guitarist of the rock era and the most African American rock musician of the late 1960s. He had a wild performance style where sometimes he even made love to his guitar or set it on fire. He was an iconic model for counterculture and rock musicians. He originally found success in England because you couldn't really get anyway in the US as a young black musician who didn't have any interest in the traditional black music of the style. None of Hendrix's songs ever made it onto the R&B charts.

Ray Charles

The most remarkable and unexpected synthesis of country with R&B music. His music also showed a lot of gospel influence. Didn't have major crossover success until 1959. He was extremely versatile, with talents in jazz as well as mainstream pop. He also had a very memorable and recognizable voice. One of his songs, "Hallelujah, I Love Her So" was banned on national radio for being too sexual. When he sang Tin Pan Alley songs he didn't try to turn them into R&B songs and he didn't try to turn himself into a crooner. He added shakes, moans, and other improvised touches and added some jazz elements. In 1962 he tried to break into country and everyone thought it was going to be a joke. However, his country-influenced songs expanded his audience and turned out to be successful. He didn't really show up on the country charts though.

Wanda Jackson

The most remarkable woman in rock 'n' roll. She had passion, she was beautiful, and she was an enthusiastic live performer. However, she was very dedicated to racial integration, and that hurt her career and caused her to never become a big success.

Hank Williams

The most significant postwar figure in country music. He embodied the hard-living, hard-loving lifestyle that had been established by Jimmy Rodgers. He was an alcoholic drug addict and died at 29 from a heart-attack. His music was close to the rockabilly style that would come later, but he died too early to be around for that.

Beatles

They had their first #1 record in 1964, "I want to hold your hand." The main reason they became popular in the US in 1964 was that this was around the time Capitol Records launched a major promotional campaign for them. A lot of other British bands' songs were released in the US because of them, and many were popular. Popular bands include the Rolling Stones, the Who, and the Kinks. The Beatles marked increasing receptiveness in the US market for world music. Followed a similar model to the Beach Boys: 1. Started out performing in the same model as Buddy Holly's group, the crickets. 2. Once they had a stable lineup, they spent many years playing covers of American rock songs by artists like Chuck Berry and Little Richard. 3. By 1966, they had released Eleanor Rigby, a song that defied categorization and demonstrated that they were one of the most innovative bands in the history of rock 'n' roll. They were different than the Beach Boys because all members participated in songwriting rather than just one. Their producer, George Martin, had an extremely important role.

Boogie-Woogie

This blues piano tradition developed during the early 20th century in rough barrel houses in the southwestern territories. Because solo pianists were a common form of entertainment in barrel houses, they had to develop their own powerful style that could be heard over the noise in the room.

Like a Rolling Stone

This song was recorded by Bob Dylan in 1965. It changed music forever. The song was almost 6 minutes long and it was enormously popular. Up until then, recorded songs were almost never more than three minutes, but this changed that rule completely. The song is of the folk-rock genre. It has a unique sound because of the piano and organ, which overwhelm any of the other instruments in the background. This was the time period when the baby boomers were reaching adulthood, and around 1965 rock music in general became more relevant to adult issues. This song in particular asks new adults how it feels to be without a home, out on their own, since school hasn't really prepared them for real life. The Rolling Stones were eventually associated with Satanism and violence.

New San Antonia Rose

Written and Performed by Bob Wills' band in 1940. AABA 32-bars structure. Combines string band (fiddle, banjo, and guitar), with big band (piano, string bass, drums, trumpets, saxophones).

Wrappin it Up

Written in 1934 by Fletcher Henderson and his orchestra This song showcases something called "walking the bass," where the drum and bass play on all four notes instead of the first and third. Also has Call and Response patterns between brass and reed instruments. ABAC Structure.

Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller

Wrote sons for Elvis and the Costers. Wrote Charlie Brown which was performed by the Coasters and recorded in 1958. This song is about a naughty schoolchild, which shows how schoolchildren were a huge market for rock 'n' roll. This song is AABA (like Tin Pan Alley songs) but the A sections are twelve-bar blues, which is unusual. They liked including unusual sound effects in the music they wrote.