Chapter 10,11,12

Where was "Lucy" discovered, what is her scientific name, and what evidence indicates that she was a hominin ?

"Lucy" was discovered in Ethiopia by a team led by Don Johnson. Her scientific name is australopithecus afarensis. What indicated that she was a hominin (human and humanlike ancestors that habitually walked on two feet) was the evidence of bipedalism (using only two legs for walking) because she had derived (Human-like) features like a cranium with a foramen magnum, bipedal femur, a partial bipedal pelvis, bipedal scapula, phalanges, and the laetoli footprints.

What are at least three physical characteristics of anatomically modern humans (AMH)?

- High forehead - Small gracile (not pronounced) browridges, - Flat (non-projecting) face - Small cheekbones (zygomatic arches) - Small teeth (molars, premolars, canines and incisors) - Projecting chin

What physical characteristics distinguishes most species of archaic H. sapiens from H. erectus?

- Skeleton: A reduction in skeletal rusticity (more gracile, human-like) - Smaller Teeth: Smaller molar size - Larger Brain: Expansion in brain size

You find a fossilized skeleton in Ethiopia that you are sure is bipedal. You think this because which of the following anatomical traits is present?

5 THINGS: S-shaped spine, bowl-shaped pelvis, femur angled inward toward the knee ("Valgus knee)," a foramen magnum on the inferior side of the cranium (instead of the posterior), adducted hallux (big toe is parallel to other toes)

Based on the evidence contained within the fossil record, the earliest hominin bipedalism emerged approximately __________ mya.

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CHAPTER 11 The longest tool culture that lasted over 1 million years and that is associated with H. erectus, including hand axes and other types of stone tools, is the?

Acheulean complex

According to fossil and genetic evidence, modern H. sapiens most likely evolved in which continent first and then what happened?

Africa

To date, all pre-australopithecine fossil remains have been found on which continent?

Africa

For anthropologists, "AMH" stands for?

Anatomically Modern Humans

Of the three pre-australopithecine species discovered, ______________________ is missing a cranium and is still disputed to be an early hominnin ancestor of humans.

Ardipithecus kadabba (Ardi) ???????????????????????

The three genera discovered so far of pre-australopithecines (before 4 mya) are Sahelanthropus, and __________ and __________.

Ardipithecus, Orrorin tugenesis

Which model proposes a hypothesis that gene flow occurred between anatomically modern humans from Africa and archaic human populations in Europe and Asia and thus explains the origin of modern humans today?

Assimilation Model

The australopithecine species that was discovered in 2008, by Lee Berger's 9 year-old son Matthew, in Malapa Nature Reserve north of Johannesburg, South Africa is?

Australopithesis sediba "Karabo"

According to information available in the fossil record, which human characteristic appeared first? (speech, bipedalism, non-honing canine, control of fire, representational art, stone tools....?)

Bipedalism

The oldest examples of representational art in the world are cave paintings dating 32ka. They are the ________ Caves found in the country of ________.

Chauvet Cave, France

The earliest evidence of Homo erectus outside of Africa, about 1.8 mya, is in (hint:Dmanisi....)

Dmanisi, Georgia 1.7mya

To date, the majority of Neanderthal fossils have been found in regions?

Europe and West Asia

The last three epochs of geologic time are: Pliocene, Pleistocene and __________?

Holocene

Anthropologists call humans and humanlike ancestors that habitually walked on two feet ________________.

Hominin

Some anatomical features and about 3- 5% of the DNA of Melanesians and Aboriginal Australians derive from which species of archaic humans?

Homo denisova

According to widely accepted archaeological evidence, the first hominin to control fire, rely on cooperative hunting and gathering, and migrate out of Africa is?

Homo erectus

The "Cooking Hypothesis" by Richard Wranghm states that the ability to cook food enabled the rapid evolution of __________________ with a 33-40% increase in body size and 33% increase brain size in less than 500,000 years (1.9 mya-1.8 mya).

Homo erectus

Generally speaking, which species had the smallest cranial capacity, lived during the Late Pleistocene, and went extinct by around 60,000 years ago?

Homo floresiensis

The earliest stone tools were recently discovered at Lomekwi, Kenya and were dated to 3.3 mya. The only known hominin species living in that area during that time is?

Homo habilis

The earliest evidence of intentional burials by hominins were found in Dinaledi cave, South Africa and were recently dated to 236,000 and 335,000 years old. They are of the hominin species __________________.

Homo naledi

Artifacts of the Middle Paleolithic like Mousterian tools in Europe are primarily associated with which hominin species?

Homo neanderthalensis

Generally speaking, which species had the largest cranial capacity, lived during the Late Pleistocene, and went extinct by 29,000 years ago in Europe?

Homo neanderthalensis

Which anterior and posterior cranial features would you expect to find on a member of Homo neanderthalensis?

Huge robust browridges, projecting (prognathic) face, long low skull

"Nariokotome/Turkana Boy", the skeleton of an 8-11 year old that dated to about 1.6 mya was discovered in Lake Turkana, Kenya. Its scientific name is?

KNM-WT 15000, homo erectus

The Homo erectus known as "Nariokotome/Turkana Boy" was discovered in the country of ____________.

Kenya

According to the fossil record, when and where do we first see the earliest examples of the genus Homo (i.e. Homo habilis)?

Kenya Date: 2mya ????????????????

The oldest stone tools, dating about 3.3 mya and associated with Au. afarenesis, are from the (Upper/Middle/Lower?) ____________ Paleolithic and were found in Kenya.

Lower

The Lomekian (3.3 Ma), Oldowan (2.6-1.7 Ma), and Acheulean (1.76-0.1 Ma) stone tools cultures are categorized as part of the cultural period known as the (Upper/Middle/Lower?) ____________ Paleolithic. CHAPTER 12

Lower ???????????????

The Mousterian (160-40 ka) stone tool culture, which is associated with Neanderthals mostly, are categorized as part of the cultural period known as the?

Middle Pleistocene ("Ice Age")

Which of the following anterior and superior cranial features would you expect to find on a member of Homo erectus?

More "globular" cranial shape, rounder cranial bones with huge brow ridges

The Neanderthals made thin sharp bifacial stone knives from prepared stone cores that date from the Middle Paleolithic (300kya-45kya). These lithics are called?

Mousterian stone tools

According to DNA evidence from dental calculus (plaque), which hominin species had a diet of 80% meat, and 20% plant foots and hunted large herbavores like mammoths, rhinosorouses, and sheep with spears in some parts of Europe?

Neanderthals

Which hominin species most likely created Europe's oldest known cave art, 40,800 year old red ochre disks and handprints found in El Castillo cave, Spain?

Neanderthals

Which hominin species was the earliest to use pain relievers like silicic acid (active ingredient aspirin) from the bark of poplar trees and antibiotics like penicillin from food mold?

Neanderthals

During the Lower Paleolithic Homo habilis ("Handy Man") produced the?

Oldowan tools ??????????????

A robust australopithecine, part of a clade that went extinct and is not a direct ancestor of humans is?

Paranthropus or Proconsul africanus

The most impressive Homo erectus fossil found in East Asia, dated to about 750kya and which was found in a cave at Dragon Bone Hill in Zhoukoudian, China, is called?

Peking Man

Which geologic epoch occurred just before the Pleistocene ("Ice Age")?

Pliocene

The two forms of australopithecines (4-1 mya) are called gracile and __________.

Robust

Name the primate that believed to be the first bipedal hominin?

Sahelanthropus

The earliest evidence of sophisticated wooden tools (complex material culture) found in Europe are the 300 thousand year old __________ discovered in the country of __________________.

Schöningen Spears, Germany

The earliest evidence of hominins (tools only) in Western Europe, dating 1.2 mya, was in?

Sima de los Huesos in Atapuerca, Spain

Where was "Turkana/Nariokitome Boy" discovered and what is his species name? How do we know his height and approximate age when he died?

The "Turkana Boy" was discovered in Nariokitome, Kenya. His species name is Homo erectus (a species of archaic humans that lived throughout most of the Pleistocene geological epoch). He has derived features (human like) such as his body plan which is similar in its ratio of arm length to leg length in humans. His change in height in comparison to H. Habilis (Handy Man) indicates an enormous body size increase. Features of the pelvic bones and overall size indicate that he was a young adolescent male.

The robust Austrolopithecus genera of hominins (formerly called Paranthropus) had large "megadont" molars, flaring zygomatic arches, and a sagittal crest. These are dietary adaptations for eating a lot of?

Tough, fibrous foods like savannah grasses and leaves

During what cultural time period do we first start seeing examples of symbolic expression in the form of representational art (such as Chauvet Cave in France, Venus figurines, and the Lion Man figure found in Germany)?

Upper Paleolithic Transition

The representational art of Chauvet Cave (32 ka) and carved Venus and lion man figurines are categorized as part of the cultural period known as the?

Upper Paleolithic Transition

Why do anthropologists believe the skeletal remains of Homo neanderthalensis are often found with so many pre-mortem fractures?

Utilized dangerous hunting methods

The original name for Mary Leakey's discovery of Paranthropus boisei was_______

Zinjanthropus boisei

Name the hominin skeleton that was discovered 40% complete by Dr. Donald Johansen and his team in Ethiopia, would have stood 3 1⁄2 feet tall, retained some arboreal capabilities and had a relatively small cranial capacity (430 cc):

a. Ardipithecus ramidus ("Ardi"). b. Sahelanthropus tchadensis ("Toumai") c. Australopithecus afarensis ("Lucy") ANSWER d. Australopithecus africanus ("Mrs. Ples")

What do early Homo sapiens fossils in Morocco that have been recently re-dated reveal about how many years ago the first anatomically modern humans appeared?

appeared 300kya ago,

According to fossil evidence, the small H. floresiensis is a descendant of H. erectus that evolved smaller because of ________.

dwarfism

A 3 ft. tall adult female skeleton ("LB-1") was discovered in 2003 in Ling Bua cave in Indonesia and recently re-dated to be about 60,000 years old. She was a Homo _________.

floresiensis

The best fossil evidence to suggest that Homo neanderthalensis could produce a language like that of modern humans comes from which bone(s)?

incisors

A cranial characteristic of robust australopithecines (Paranthropus species) due to their dietary adaptation for chewing nutritionally poor and tough leaves, nuts, and roots is their?

sagital crest

What cultural and behavioral developments are unique to early anatomically modern humans (AMH)?

• Increased use of symbols: cave art, carved figurines, symbolic graphics • Intentional burials with grave goods (symbolic artifacts) • Decreased hunting of large herbivores with increase reliance on small game, fishing, and other aquatic foods (20-30% of protein) (Richards 2009). • Increased reliance on fishing: Technology changes such as bone harpoons, microliths, bone fish-hooks, netting, shellfish