Chapter 11

New ____ mutations can often be detected by examining the inheritance of the trait in males.

X-linked

________ are mutations involving the increase of the number of repeat sequences in genes.

allelic expansions

In sickle cell anemia, affected individuals carry ____.

​the same single nucleotide substitution

If a genetic disorder appears in a family with no prior history, and is fully expressed by everyone carrying that allele, it is most likely a(n) ____ trait.

autosomal dominant

Sense mutations produce ____.

elongated proteins

Genetic imprinting is caused by ____.

epigenetic changes to DNA

Several lines of research provide strong evidence that ____ to environmental signals influence behavior.

epigenetic responses

​The epigenetic state of a cell is called its

epigenome

Halogen-containing organic compounds persist in the environment for approximately five years.

false

​Nonsense mutations change termination codons into amino acid codons.

false

Insertion or deletion of a nucleotide in a gene causes a type of mutation called a(n) mutation.

frameshift

The ability of DNA polymerase to repair its own nucleotide mismatches is called .

proofreading

​What is the largest single source of radiation exposure for the average person in the U.S.?

radon

Mutagenic chemicals that ____ and are incorporated into DNA or RNA during synthesis are called base analogs.

resemble nucleotides

Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome is a cell growth disorder that causes enlarged organs, high birth weight, and predisposition to cancer.

true

When the number of trinucleotide repeats in a gene is significantly above normal, it can produce a mutant phenotype.

true

​PBDEs have not been linked directly to cancer in test animals.

true

When ____ is incorporated into DNA or RNA during synthesis, it will create a(n) ____.

5-bromouracil; nucleotide substitution mutation

What occurs in a missense mutation?

A single amino acid is substituted for another in a protein.

​Several genetic disorders, including Fanconi anemia and ataxia telangiectasia, are caused by mutations in ____.

DNA repair genes

​Radiation in the environment that contributes to radiation exposure is called _________ radiation.

background

​PBDEs are ____.

banned in many European countries but permitted in most states in the United States

A purine or pyrimidine that differs in chemical structure from those normally found in DNA or RNA is called a(n)

base analog

Mutations in _______ cells will be passed on by cell division, but cannot be transmitted to future generations.

body

Mutations are changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA that ____.

can be passed on to daughter cells

As radiation strikes molecules in cells, it creates ____.

charged atoms called ions

As DNA polymerase synthesizes a new DNA strand, it can ____.

detect an incorrect nucleotide

​Selective expression of either the maternal or paternal copy of a gene is called .

genetic imprinting

​Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome results from abnormalities of

imprinting

​Mutation rates of human genes are expressed as the number of ____.

mutated alleles per gene in each generation