Chapter 11
What is common law and how was it enforced?
Common law started by King Henry II and it was enforced by the king's justices in erye (traveling justices). The Common law applied to whole entire kingdom which meant that everyone had to follow the rules.
How did the idea of the crusade change from the time of the original expedition to the Holy Land?
Many of the crusades that were part of the original expedition on going to the holy land failed. For example, in the 3rd crusade, the reason why it failed was because the leasers that were involved were fighting and arguing with one another and harras the Byzantines instead of following their objective. But when the 4th crusade started, it became a huge success because the crusaders attacked Constantinople. The venetians managed to convince the crusaders in attacking the city of Dalmatia and also Constantinople. This attack proved to be valuable because the crusaders were able to acquire many treasures and relics from Constantinople. In Spain, the reconquista continued with a large amount of success. Christians in Spain took on a political configuration that would last them for centuries. Also the Northern Crusades had a lasting effect because the crusaders settled the Baltic Regions with the Germans. The German lords and peasants forged a permanent relationship between northeastern Europe and it's neighbors to the south and west. The result of all these crusades gave the Christians a lot of power.
What was the significance of the Magna Carta?
The Magna Carta is a document that was signed by King John of England at Runnymeade in June 1215. This document is significant because that document states that the king is not above the law of the land and Magna Carta also protects the rights of all citizens. This document is very important because it is one of the most important documents in the history of democracy.
What do the works of the troubadours and vernacular poets reveal about the nature of entertainment - its themes, its audience, its performers - in the 12th century?
The works of the Troubadours and vernacular poets focus on many different themes such as courtly love and the power of women. Long vernacular poems such as the Chansons de geste were often poems that focused on warriors and their battles. Another important theme that was focus on was the idea of chivalry. Through this particular theme, many knights during this time saw themselves in certain poems that had a character that displayed chivalry such as Lancelot. Troubadours were appreciated by both men and women during this time period. These poems and songs revolutionized the 12th century because they were written in spoken language. This allowed these songs and poems to spread across different regions in the world to reach more audience members.
What was new about education and church architecture in the 12th and early 13th centuries?
Universities played a big role during this time period because it promoted learning and knowledge. It also trained people for jobs which can be seen in today's society as well. How universities played a significant role to society today can be seen in how certain universities specialize in certain subjects. That concept was first introduced during this time period. An example of that is displayed in the University of Paris which specializes in the subject of theology. test thinkers during this time period. He created a textbook for his students called "Sic et Nom" . Gothic Architecture became very popular during this time period. This style was considered popular because it gave luster to its rich patrons. This style reflected the self confidence and wealth of merchants, guilds people, bishops, and kings. The Gothic style is best characterized for their pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and stained-glass windows. The Gothic church was usually valued as the religious, social. and commerical focal point of the city. In other words, these buildings stood out in the city because they are very big and fancy.