Chapter 11 & 12
For a person to be diagnosed with major depressive disorder (MDD), they must have experienced a significant depressive episode and depressed characteristics, such as lethargy and hopelessness, for at least
2 weeks.
The volunteer participants in Solomon Asch's experiment on conformity conformed to group pressure to select the incorrect answer approximately ________ percent of the time.
35
Approximately ______ percent of people who die by suicide are estimated to have a diagnosable psychological disorder.
90
________ is behavior that is deviant, maladaptive, or personally distressful over a relatively long period of time.
Abnormal behavior
Which of the following statements about panic disorder is FALSE?
American men are twice as likely as American women to be diagnosed with panic disorder.
________ is an eating disorder that involves the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation.
Anorexia nervosa
________ is said to have the highest mortality rate of any psychological disorder.
Anorexia nervosa
________ is a psychological disorder characterized by guiltlessness, law-breaking, exploitation of others, irresponsibility, and deceit.
Antisocial personality disorder
________ are disabling, uncontrollable, and disruptive psychological disorders that feature motor tension, hyperactivity, and apprehensive expectations and thoughts.
Anxiety disorders
________ refers to the use of operant conditioning principles to change human behavior.
Applied behavior analysis
________ is a psychological disorder, commonly diagnosed in childhood, in which an individual exhibits one or more of the following symptoms: inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
________ is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent problems in sustaining attention and difficulty engaging in quiet activities for a prolonged period.
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
________ is a mood disorder that is characterized by extreme mood swings that include one or more episodes of mania, an overexcited, unrealistically optimistic state.
Bipolar disorder
________ is an obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) related disorder that involves a distressing preoccupation with imagined or slight flaws in one's physical appearance.
Body dysmorphic disorder
________ is characterized by a pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotions, and of marked impulsivity beginning by early adulthood and present in various contexts.
Borderline personality disorder
According to contemporary relationship research, which of the following statements about mate selection is true?
Both genders are interested in finding partners who are warm and trustworthy.
________ is an eating disorder in which a person consistently follows a binge-and-purge eating pattern.
Bulimia nervosa
________ is the psychological discomfort caused by two inconsistent thoughts.
Cognitive dissonance
________ is an unrelenting lack of pleasure in life.
Depression
The ________ was published in 1952 by the American Psychiatric Association for the major classification of psychological disorders in the United States.
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)
________ is a depressive disorder in children who show persistent irritability and recurrent episodes of out-of-control behavior.
Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
________ involve a sudden loss of memory or change in identity.
Dissociative disorders
________ is the most dramatic, least common, and most controversial dissociative disorder.
Dissociative identity disorder
________ is a disorder in which an individual has two or more distinct personalities, each with its own memories, behaviors, and relationships.
Dissociative identity disorder (DID)
________ refers to rationalizing the amount of work we put into getting something by increasing its value.
Effort justification
________ means helping another person for personal gain, such as to feel good, or avoid guilt.
Egoism
________ is a common negative symptom of schizophrenia, which means the display of little or no emotion.
Flat affect
Which of the following statements about the causes of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa is true?
Genes play a substantial role in both anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.
________ refers to the impaired decision making that occurs in a team when making the right decision is less important than maintaining group harmony.
Groupthink
________ are sensory experiences in the absence of real stimuli. ________ are false, unusual, and sometimes magical beliefs that are not part of an individual's culture.
Hallucinations; Delusions
In the context of the psychological factors in conformity, which of the following best describes informational social influence?
It refers to the influence people have on an individual because the individual wants to be right.
________ refers to a psychological state in which an individual feels overexcited and unrealistically optimistic.
Mania
Suicide attempts vary across ethnic groups. More than 20 percent of which of the following adolescent groups reported that they had attempted suicide in the previous year?
Native American/Alaska Native females
________ are recurrent thoughts, and ________ are recurrent behaviors.
Obsessions; compulsions
________ refers to the processes by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of others.
Person perception
________ are favorable views of the self that are not necessarily rooted in reality.
Positive illusions
________ refers to a disorder that develops through exposure to a disturbing or distressing event that overwhelms a person's abilities to cope.
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
________ is an unjustified negative attitude toward an individual based on the individual's membership in a particular group.
Prejudice
Which of the following is true of the potential causes of schizophrenia?
Problems regulating the neurotransmitter dopamine play a role in schizophrenia.
________ refers to a psychological state in which a person's perceptions and thoughts are fundamentally removed from reality.
Psychosis
________ refers to a nonmedical process that helps individuals with psychological disorders recognize and overcome their problems.
Psychotherapy
________ refers to ascribing personal meaning to completely random events.
Referential thinking
________ involves strong components of sexuality and infatuation, and it often predominates in the early part of a love relationship.
Romantic love
________ is a severe psychological disorder that is characterized by highly disordered, psychotic thought processes.
Schizophrenia
________ theory is Daryl Bem's take on how behaviors influence attitudes.
Self-perception
________ refers to the tendency to take credit for one's own successes and to deny responsibility for one's own failures.
Self-serving bias
________ refers to the way individuals define themselves in terms of their group membership.
Social identity
________ is an anxiety disorder in which an individual has an intense fear of being humiliated or embarrassed in social situations.
Social phobia
________ is the scientific study of how people think about, influence, and relate to other people.
Social psychology
________ are defined as noticeable bodily changes that either are very distressing or interfere with a person's functioning along with excessive thoughts, feelings, and behaviors about those bodily changes.
Somatic symptom and related disorders
________ is a psychological disorder in which an individual has an irrational, overwhelming, persistent fear of a particular object or situation.
Specific phobia
________ is an individual's fast-acting, self-fulfilling fear of being judged based on others' negative generalizations about the group to which they belong.
Stereotype threat
Which of the following defines conformity?
a change in a person's behavior to coincide more closely with a group standard
According to Thomas Joiner's interpersonal theory of suicide, what two factors are involved in suicide?
a desire to die and the acquired capability for suicide
All of the following are symptoms of major depressive disorder EXCEPT
a history of manic episodes.
A fear becomes a phobia when
a person will go to any length to avoid the object of the fear.
In ________, social expectations cause individuals to act in ways that make their expectations come true.
a self-fulfilling prophecy
Which of the following most likely occurs when an individual has a deep, caring affection for another person and desires to have that person near?
affectionate love
An individual's opinions and beliefs about other people, objects, and ideas, and how the individual feels about the world refers to
attitudes
Which of the following refers to the inferences that we make in order to explain the causes of others' behavior?
attribution
Attractive people are generally assumed to have a variety of positive characteristics. According to research, which of the following is key aspect in people's determination of facial attractiveness?
averageness
The ________ approach is evident in the medical model.
biological
The ________ approach to psychological disorders primarily focuses on the brain, genetic factors, and neurotransmitter functioning as the sources of abnormality.
biological
In the context of the theoretical approaches to psychological disorders, the ________ attributes psychological disorders to organic, internal causes.
biological approach
Genetic factors are stronger predictors of ________ than predictors of ________.
bipolar disorder; depressive disorders
The tendency of an individual who observes an emergency to be less likely to help when other people are present than when the observer is alone is known as the
bystander effect.
One of the most common compulsions exhibited by individuals who have obsessive-compulsive disorder is excessive
cleaning.
Which of the following refers to the simultaneous presence of two or more disorders in one person?
comorbidity
In the context of social influence, Solomon Asch's experiment demonstrates
conformity
The mayhem on the streets of Boston after the Red Sox won the World Series is an example of
deindividuation.
The reduction in personal identity and erosion of the sense of personal responsibility when one is part of a group is known as
deindividuation.
The ________ is a theory suggesting that preexisting conditions, such as genetic characteristics, personality dispositions, or experiences, may put a person at risk of developing a psychological disorder.
diathesis-stress model
Which of the following refers to an unjustified negative or harmful action toward a member of a group simply because the person belongs to that group?
discrimination
Extreme memory loss that stems from extensive psychological stress is referred to as
dissociative amnesia.
Which of the following was formerly called multiple personality disorder?
dissociative identity disorder
From the perspective of social exchange theory, the most important predictor of relationship success is
equity.
The tendency to favor one's own cultural group over other groups is called
ethnocentrism
Microaggressions are ______ and ______ acts that communicate bias to members of marginalized groups
everyday; subtle
The ________ is the observers' overestimation of the degree to which everybody else thinks or acts the way we do.
false consensus effect
All of the following are symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder EXCEPT
feeling emotionally charged.
Deficits in the functioning of the ________ are associated with aggression.
frontal lobes of the brain
The solidification and further strengthening of an individual's position as a consequence of a collective discussion or interaction is known as the
group polarization effect.
People with bulimia nervosa tend to have ________ of perfectionism and ________ of self-efficacy.
high levels; low levels
Research has linked suicide to which of the following types of culture?
honor cultures
Which of the following is one of the three main symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?
impulsivity
According to attribution theory, attributions vary along which of the following dimensions?
internal and external causes
Attributions that include causes inside and specific to a person, such as their traits and abilities, are called
internal attributions.
The main medical treatment for bipolar disorder is
lithium.
Antisocial personality disorder has been associated with
low levels of prefrontal activation.
Suicide is correlated with which of the following biological factors?
low levels of serotonin
The Americans with Disabilities Act
made it illegal to discriminate against a person with a psychological disorder in the workplace when the person's condition does not prevent performance of the job's essential functions.
According to the National Institute of Mental Health, the leading cause of disability in the United States is
major depressive disorder.
With respect to the three characteristics of abnormal behavior, when a behavior interferes with a person's ability to function effectively in the world, it is considered
maladaptive.
In the context of the theoretical approaches to psychological disorders, the ________ describes psychological disorders as diseases with a biological origin.
medical model
The phenomenon that the more individuals encounter someone or something, the more probable it is that they will start liking the person or thing even if they do not realize they have seen it before is known as the
mere exposure effect.
A depressive disorder is classified as a(n) ________ disorder.
mood
Milgram's studies are a classic series of experiments by Stanley Milgram that demonstrated the profound power of
obedience.
In attribution theory, the person who offers a causal explanation of the actor's behavior is called the
observer
The anxiety disorder in which an individual has anxiety-provoking thoughts that will not go away and/or urges to perform repetitive, ritualistic behaviors to prevent or produce some future situation is called
obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Which of the following refers to physically or verbally harming another person directly?
overt aggression
In a(n) ________, a person experiences recurrent, sudden onsets of intense terror, often without warning and with no specific cause.
panic disorder
Like those who develop anorexia nervosa, those who develop bulimia nervosa tend to be
perfectionistic
The ________ of schizophrenia are marked by a distortion or an excess of normal function, whereas the ________ reflect social withdrawal, behavioral deficits, and the loss or decrease of typical functions.
positive symptoms; negative symptoms
Dissociative disorders are sometimes seen in people who also show signs of
post-traumatic stress disorder.
A subgroup of people with antisocial personality disorder are remorseless predators who engage in violence to get what they want. These people are sometimes referred to as
psychopaths.
Behavior that is meant to harm the social standing of another person through activities such as gossiping and spreading rumors is known as
relational aggression.
The tendency for a group decision to be riskier than the average decision made by the individual group members is known as
risky shift.
Depressed people tend to have too few receptors for the neurotransmitters
serotonin and norepinephrine.
The area of social psychology that explores how people select, interpret, remember, and use social information is called
social cognition.
The process by which individuals evaluate their thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and abilities in relation to others is known as
social comparison.
The effects of others on our behavior can take the form of ________, imitative behavior involving the spread of behavior, emotions, and ideas.
social contagion
According to ________, social relationships involve an exchange of goods, the objective of which is to minimize costs and maximize benefits.
social exchange theory
According to ________, the most important predictor of relationship success is having both partners feel that each is doing their "fair share."
social exchange theory
Which of the following is most likely to occur when an individual's performance improves because of the presence of others?
social facilitation
Which of the following theories states that the way individuals define themselves in terms of their group membership is a crucial part of their self-image and a valuable source of positive feelings about themselves?
social identity theory
Which of the following refers to each person's tendency to exert less effort in a group because of reduced accountability for individual effort?
social loafing
A ________ is a generalization about a group's characteristics that does not consider any variations from one individual to another.
stereotype
Bias that is "baked in" to decision making by processes that may have been set in motion generations before is referred to as
systemic racism.
An important feature of optimal intergroup contact that involves working together on a shared goal is known as
task-oriented cooperation.
The hormone that is typically implicated in aggressive behavior is
testosterone.
According to ________, people who have first agreed to a small request tend to comply later with a larger request.
the foot-in-the-door technique
The tendency for observers to underestimate the impact of the external situation and overestimate the impact of internal traits when they seek explanations of another person's behavior is called
the fundamental attribution error.
Which of the following essentially examines the ways that commitment, investment, and the availability of attractive alternative partners predict satisfaction and stability in relationships?
the investment model
Which theoretical approach emphasizes the contributions of experiences, thoughts, emotions, and personality characteristics in explaining psychological disorders?
the psychological approach
Which of the following theoretical approaches to psychological disorders would be most likely to consider a person's gender and ethnicity when diagnosing a disorder?
the sociocultural approach
The tendency for the presence of firearms to enhance aggression is known as
the weapons effect.
Three of the following are risk factors for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Which of the following factors does NOT pose a risk for the development of ASD?
vaccines
PTSD may best be explained by which of the following?
vulnerability-stress model
According to the evolutionary perspective, women are attracted to mates who
will invest in their offspring.
