Chapter 11: Attraction and Intimacy

The more similar someone's attitudes are to your own, the ______.

more likable you will find them

The "beautiful is good" stereotype accurately predicts that attractive children are ______.

more relaxed more socially polished

The term that means the act of excluding or ignoring is ______.

ostracism

The term for excluding someone is ______.

ostracize

Ostracized people exhibit heighten activity in the brain cortex that is also activated in the response to ______.

physical pain

Ostracized people exhibit heightened brain activity in a brain cortex area that also is activated in response to:

physical pain

The ______ is the presumption that beautiful people possess other socially desirable traits, also known as the "what is beautiful is good" effect.

physical-attractiveness stereotype

Interaction is _____ related to liking.

positively

Evolutionary psychologists assume that evolution predisposes women to favor male traits that signify an ability to ______.

provide resources

The ______ theory of attraction states that we like those whom we associate with rewards.

reward

Knowing someone likes you can awaken _______ feelings in you.

romantic

When choosing whom to approach for a date, people often approach someone whose attractiveness _____ their own.

roughly matches

Ellen Berscheid and colleagues (1969) found that students preferred other students who ______.

said only positive things about them

Friendship is described as a scheme for the mutual exchange of personal benefits and favors so that _____ can profit.

self-esteem

According to the likeness-leads-to-liking effect, roommate friendships would flourish when the roommates ______.

shared values shared personality traits

Research consistently shows couples with positively correlated attitudes, ages, and economic levels are more likely to be happy. This finding supports which general relationship phenomenon below?

similarity

Men who have just been looking at centerfolds and then perceive their own wives as less attractive are engaging in ______.

social comparison

Attractive children and young adults are more relaxed, outgoing, and ______ than those who are average.

socially polished

The greater the similarity of couples, ______.

the less likely they are to divorce the happier they are together

When choosing whom to approach for a date, Billy looked for someone whose attractiveness was similar to his own. This demonstrates ______.

the matching phenomenon

The idea that familiarity breeds fondness describes ______.

the mere exposure effect

Bad moods affect our thinking and memory _____ than good moods.

more

The _____ is the theory that we like people whose behavior is associated with positive, beneficial events.

reward theory of attraction

According to Rusbult, if Bob's relationship is failing but he actively seeks to improve the relationship, talking about the problems with his partner, he is engaging in which type of response?

voice

According to companionate love, when two people stay in love after the first initial fire, their love becomes _______ and _______.

warm and dependable

We are more likely to like someone whom ______.

we interact with frequently

During ovulation, females prefer a mate ______.

with masculine features

If George does not feel the relationship is equitable, he is likely to ______.

feel it is unfair

Companionate love is different from passionate love in that passionate love ______.

is fated to become lukewarm

The physical-attractiveness stereotype predicts that people will describe Jessica, a swimsuit model, as ______.

kind sexually cold sensitive likable

Kalick (1977) had participants rate pictures of women before and after plastic surgery on physical attractiveness. According to the physical-attractiveness stereotype, participants found the women more physically attractive after surgery, as well as ______.

kinder and more likable

Likeness produces ______.

liking

Most people marry someone who ______.

lives or works near them

The ______ phenomenon is the tendency to look for someone who is similar to ourselves in attractiveness when we are searching for a mate.

matching

In terms of long-term equity, happily married people tend ______ how much they are giving and getting.

not to keep score of

Research supports the idea that to be really attractive is to be ______.

perfectly average

Once in love, women are more likely to focus on the intimacy part of love and men are more likely to focus on the ______ part of love.

physical

During infancy, keeping infants close to their caregivers can cause strong social attachment to serve as a _____.

powerful survival impulse

Attractive people are more likely to have _____ jobs than are unattractive individuals.

prestigious

Relationships where trust displaces anxiety and where we are free to open ourselves without fear of rejection are characterized by which of the following?

self disclosure

Attachment styles, equity, and ______ influence the ups and downs of close relationships.

self-disclosure

Heather told another person her secret desires and perspectives; Heather is engaging in ______.

self-disclosure

Increased intimacy often brings about heightened _____.

self-disclosure

According to Baumeister and Wotman (1992), the person who _____ recalls more pain over an ended relationship than _____.

spurns someone's love; those who were spurned

Compared with North Americans, Asians are less concerned about the cooling of intense romantic love, because they ______.

tend to focus less on personal feelings focus more on practical aspects of social attachments are less prone to self-focused individualism

According to the reward theory of attraction, we will like a relationship and will wish to continue it if _____.

the reward is more than the cost

Flattery leads to liking if ______.

there is not an apparent ulterior motive

Juanita takes her date on several roller-coaster rides, hoping that her date's physical arousal will transfer to feelings of attraction. Juanita is using which theory below to her advantage?

two-factor theory

______ love involves a steady, low key, warm, and affectionate attachment.

Companionate

Which of the following factors nurture liking and loving?

Proximity Physical attractiveness Similarity

______ theory helps explain why people everywhere like those who are warm, trustworthy, and responsive.

Reward

_____ people sense their own worth and lovability and expect that others will accept and respond to their love.

Secure

______ is the use of strategies (such as flattery) by which people seek to gain another's favor or get someone to like them.

Ingratiation

Besides attitudes and beliefs, researchers have found that similarities in the following variables are also important when one is seeking friends or spouses.

Intelligence Ages Education

In several experiments, college men, who were aroused sexually by reading or viewing erotic material, had ______ response to a woman, supporting the two-factor theory of emotion.

a heightened

The ______ attachment style shows ambivalence during "strange situation" experiments, displaying both clinginess and hostility when a parent leaves.

anxious

Those who are involved in an equitable, long-term relationship ______ short-term equity.

are unconcerned with

Finding out that someone is dissimilar to oneself _____ liking.

decreases

Unlike the wild emotions of passionate love, companionate love is lower key; it is a _________.

deep, affectionate attachment

Self-______ means revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others.

disclosure

When one person reveals highly intimate information to a second person, the second person tends to do the same thing back. This phenomenon is called ______.

disclosure reciprocity

The cooling of intense romantic love often triggers a period of ______, especially for those who believe romantic love is necessary for a successful marriage.

disillusion

Dissimilarity breeds ______.

dislike

Passionate love is emotional and psychological, but it also engages the parts of our brain that produce which neurotransmitter below?

dopamine

We often perceive criticism to be _____ than praise.

more sincere

Couples who do exciting things together have an increase in adrenaline, and an increase in adrenaline is associated with ______ love.

passionate

True or False: Liking is more complex and thus more difficult to study, compared with loving.

False

According to the textbook, what percentage of cultures have the concept of romantic love, including flirtation and "running off together"?

About 90 percent

Which attachment style most likely results in behaviors that are jealous and clingy, but also sometimes indifferent or hostile?

Anxious

_____ is an emotional bond between infant and caregiver.

Attachment

According to researchers Aron and Aron (1994), which of the relationship dynamics below describe the "essence of love" between two people in a love relationship?

Both retain individuality but have intertwined self-concepts.

According to the book, defining "love" can be tricky, as it is a social phenomenon. Select all of the following that are associated with love.

Love supplements sexual desire. Love is enriched with a deepening friendship.

According to Rusbult and her colleagues, which of the following is one of the ways of coping with a failing relationship?

Loyalty

Which of the following are factors related to long-lasting marriages?

People usually stay married if they live in a small town or on a farm. People usually stay married if they married after age 20. People usually stay married if they are religiously committed.

Which of the following are examples of the mere exposure effect?

Our favorite letter tends to be in our name. Students like a painting that's hanging on their classroom wall.

Many researchers have attributed the attachment styles to which of the following?

Parental responsiveness Early attachment experiences Inherited temperament

Psychologist Robert Sternberg views love as a triangle consisting of what three components?

Passion, intimacy, and commitment

The state of deep longing for union with another is known as ______ love.

Passionate

Which of the following components influence the ups and downs of close relationships?

Self-disclosure Equity Attachment styles

Which of these factors nurture liking and loving?

Similarity Proximity

_____ predicts that ratings for a young woman's picture on attractiveness will be lower after male raters have been watching the Miss USA pageant.

Social comparison

This theory states that attraction toward others is a function of reinforcements.

The reward theory of attraction

Many studies have shown that being perfectly ______ is more appealing.

average

An insecure attachment style that shows discomfort over, or resistance to, being close to others is called ______ attachment.

avoidant

As subsets of insecure attachment, a child showing ______ attachment has little distress during separation.

avoidant

According to the two-factor theory of emotion, an emotion involves both ______ and ______.

body; mind

People are more likely to stay married if they ______.

both grew up in stable, two-parent homes

Marital distress ______ the perception of unfairness.

can increase

While examining the relationship between gaining another's esteem and liking, researchers found that constant approval ______.

can lose value

Among dating couples, the _____ the relationship, the more _____ the breakup.

closer and longer; painful

The more _____ a relationship is, the more likely it will succeed.

equitable

If you feel that what you put into a relationship should be proportional to what you receive, you are describing the specific relationship concept known as _____.

equity

What Sam puts into his relationship is proportional to what he feels he receives; this balance is called ______.

equity

The term "self-other integration" means the same thing as ______.

essence of love

The two-______ theory of emotion states that arousal should intensify passionate feelings, such as feeling attracted to a date during a horror movie or while riding a roller coaster.

factor

Someone who has trust and commitment in relationships probably had a ______ attachment as an infant.

secure

Couples who perceive their relationship to be _______ are more likely to experience marital distress.

inequitable

One reason proximity leads to liking is ______.

mere exposure

Testing the two-factor theory of emotion, Dutton and Aron (1974) found that men responded ______ to a researcher's offer to call her when the men were physically aroused by a dangerous bridge.

more

Another term for geographical nearness is ______.

proximity

Casey's self-disclosure matches that of Joe, her conversational partner. As each person reveals more intimate information, the partner does the same. This is an example of disclosure ______.

reciprocity

One of the components that researchers attribute the varying attachment styles is parental

responsiveness.

Combine sexual desire with a deepening friendship and the result is ______ love.

romantic

______ is the tendency for two people to fill in what is missing in the other; in some ways, it's the opposite of similarity.

Complementarity

The term that describes why many people who are friends live or work geographically near one another is ______.

Proximity

True or false: Being exposed to a person or object over time leads to increased liking, even when we are not aware of the exposure.

True

When we know others like us, we usually feel ______.

a reciprocal affection

Proximity is ______.

being near or next to

The desire to connect with others in enduring close relationships is ______.

the need to belong

In experiments, men put _____ value on opposite-sex physical attractiveness than did women.

more

When we are judging others, negative information carries _____ weight because it is less usual.

more

In a psychology experiment, people read a positive or negative description of a person's personality and then they are shown pictures of the person. Those who were described as warm, helpful and considerate were rated as ______.

more attractive

Select all of the following that have been included as the aspects of attractiveness of those we love.

An average-looking adolescent becomes an attractive adult. We perceive attractive people as likable and perceive likable people as attractive. Those portrayed as warm are considered more attractive.

Which statement best describes the two-factor theory of emotion?

Arousal X its label = emotion

Compared to liking, love is _____ to measure.

more difficult

Bad events are _____ than good events.

more influential

_____ love is a state of intense longing for union with another.

Passionate

The reward theory helps explain some of the influences on attraction. Which of the following is an example explanation?

Proximity costs less time and effort to receive friendship's benefits.

Sternberg's kinds of love are combinations of intimacy, commitment, and passion. Which of the following are kinds of love found on the triangle of love?

Romantic Companionate

According to their research on social interaction and self-censorship, Swann and his colleagues (1991) suggest that a true friend is one who ______.

gives corrective feedback

Todd is most likely to form a friendship with Joan if Joan ______.

has similar values

When being ostracized, a person often feels ______.

hurt and depressed

People respond to ostracism with ______.

hurt feelings anxiety depressed mood

The fact that we tend to like those things that we associate with ourselves is called ______ ______.

implicit egotism

According to research, we like what we associate with ourselves. For example, people named Dennis are more likely to become dentists because the words are similar. This is the phenomenon called ______.

implicit egotism

Darley and Berscheid (1967) found that expecting to date someone _____ liking.

increases

Strategies by which someone seeks to gain favor with another is called ______.

ingratiation

When we suppress the need to belong, the need ______.

intensifies

_____ the similarity between husband and wife, _____ likely they are to divorce.

The greater; the less

_____ effect is the tendency for novel stimuli to be liked more after repeated exposure.

The mere exposure

True or false: Traditionally, we think that looks should not be important, that we should not judge a book by the cover. Currently, there is an abundant amount of research showing that appearance matters and good looks are an asset.

True

Which of the following are examples of the mere exposure effect?

We prefer our mirror image. Repetition of an advertisement results in increased sales.

There is a significant amount of research suggesting that physical attractiveness ______ for the person who possess the trait.

is a positive asset

We tend to seek out someone is who similar in physical attractiveness to ourselves when we are searching for a mate. This is called the ______.

matching phenomenon

During election season, you see commercials from a certain candidate a few times a day. Over time, you begin to think this person is more trustworthy and more attractive. This is an example of the ______ effect.

mere exposure

A young woman's physical attractiveness is a(n) _____ predictor of how frequently she dates.

moderately good

A young man's physical attractiveness is a(n) _____ predictor of how frequently he dates.

modestly good

Attractive people tend to make _____ money than unattractive people make.

more

Hatfield and her coworkers (1966) found that the more attractive a woman was, the _____ a man wanted to date her again.

more

Ostracism causes social pain and, much like physical pain, being ostracized can increase ______.

aggression

Exclusion, if by cyber-ostracism or in the real world, hurts longest for ______ people.

anxious

When our need to belong is satisfied, we ______.

are happier are healthier

The physical-______ stereotype is the belief that prettier or better-looking people have socially desirable traits, such as intelligence or friendliness.

attractiveness

The need to ______ is the need to give and to be given affection.

belong

Anticipating interaction _____ liking.

boosts

Fred and Lee feel that instead of being similar to each other, they complete what is missing in each other. The couple's relationship is an example of ______.

complementarity

Researchers were surprised at the discovery that even ______ by faceless people whom one will never meet will take a toll.

cyberostracism

Williams and his colleagues (2011) found that _____ is painful for the victim.

cyberostracism

Lukas's roommate puts up a poster on their dorm room wall. Over the course of the semester, Lukas grows to like the poster more and more, simply because he looks at it every day. This increased liking comes from the mere ______ effect.

exposure