Chapter 11 Blood

Since it has no usefulness, bilirubin is considered a waste product. It is removed from circulation by the _______(organ) and excreted into _________

liver, bile

The iron from old RBCs may be stored in the_______ _or transported to the red bone marrow for the synthesis of new__________

liver, hemoglobin

Macrophages (RE cells) that phagocytize old RBCs are found in the _____, the ____ and the ______

liver, spleen, red bone marrow

The term hypoxia means

low blood oxygen level

The WBCs that recognize foreign antigens and produce antibodies are

lymphocytes

The stem cells of lymphatic tissue produce the WBCs called _____

lymphocytes

What are the 2 types of agranular WBCs

lymphocytes, monocytes

When these immature RBCs are present in large numbers in circulating blood, it means that there are not enough ______ to transport sufficient ___throughout the body.

mature RBCs, oxygen

Platelets are fragments of the large bone marrow cells called _______and __________ produced by the liver increased the rate of platelet formation

megakaryocytes and thrombopoietin

The WBCs that carry out most phagocytosis of pathogens are the

monocytes and neutrophilis

what are the 3 types of granular WBCs

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

In RBC formation, the last stage with a nucleus is called a _________

normoblast

In appearance, WBCs differ from RBCs in that all WBCs have __________present when the cells are mature

nuclei

Name two types of substances that are transported in dissolved form in the plasma

nutrients, wast products

The major regulating factor for RBC priduction is the amount of ________ in the blood and tissues

oxygen

The general function of WBCs is to protect the body from ______and to provide ______ to certain infectious diseases

pathogens, immunity

A hematocrit is a measure of the

percentage of RBCs in the total blood

Three types of cells formed in red bone marrow

platelets, RBCs, WBCs,

The function of platelets is hemostasis, which means

prevention of blood loss

The nutrients needed for RBC formation include ____ and _____ which will become part of the hemoglobin molecule

protein, iron

Platelets are formed in______

red bone marrow

Red blood cells are formed in

red bone marrow

The primary hemopoietic tissue is __________, which is found in _____________ and ________

red bone marrow, flat, irregular

In the formation of blood, the stage in which fragments of the ER are present is called a

reticulocyte

The last immature stage in RBC production is the

reticulocyte, which may be found in circulating blood

A large artery that is cut can contract in vascular spasm because its wall contains

smooth muscle

Lymphatic tissue is found in lymphatic organs such as the ________, _________ and _____

spleen, lymph nodes, thymus

In the red bone marrrow, the precursor cell for blood cells is called a ___________

stem cell

The cells in the hemopoietic tissues that undergo mitosis to produce all the types of blood cells are called

stem cells

The rough surface of a ruptured capillary causes platelets to __________and form a mechanical barrier over the opening

stick to the edges

The intrinsic facor is produced by the lining of the _______(organ)

stomach

The intrinsic factor needed for absorption of the extrinsic factor is produced by cells lining the

stomach

RBCs release oxygen in _______capillaries, and their hemoglobin is then called ___________

systemic, reduced hemoglobin

The viscosity of blood referes to its

thickness (or resistance to flow)

In chemical clotting, fibrinogen is split to fibrin by

thrombin

The term for low platelet count is

thrombocytopenia

What is the mechanism of hemostasis necessary in large vessels that are ruptured or cut

vascular spasm

The three mechanisms of hemostasis are

vascular spasm, platelet plugs and chemical clotting

The extrinsic factor is ___, which is needed for the synthesis of ____by the stem cells in the red bone marrow

vitabin B12, DNA

The extrinsic factor needed for DNA synthesis in the red bone marrow is

vitamin B12

The function of intrinsic factor is to prevent the digestion of __________and promote its absorption in the small intestine

vitamin B12

If the blood level of bilirubin rises, perhaps because of liver disease, the _________may appear yellow. This is called_________

whites of the eyes or light skin, jaundice

Important in allergic reactions and parasitic infections

Eosinphils

Synthesized only by the liver

HCO3-

Lymphatic tissue is found in all of these except for which one (lymph nodes, thymus glad, liver or spleen)

Liver

Become macrophages to phagocytize pathogens or damaged tissue

Monocytes

The most abundant phagocytes

Neutrophils

RBCs pick up oxygen when they circulate through the ___________ capillaries (in the ________), and this hemoglobin is now called___________

Pulmonary, (lungs), oxyhemoglobin

The Rh factor is an antigen that is found on the

RBCs of people who are Rh positive

Help recognize foreign antigens

T lymphocytes

Platelets are also called

Thrombocytes

Pulls tissue fluid into capillaries to maintain blood volume

albumin

The most abundant plasma protein

albumin

The plasma protein that helps maintain blood volume by pulling tissue fluid into capillaries is

albumin

Synthesized by lymphocytes or by the liver

albumin and clotting factors

The pH range of blood is slightly _________

alkaline

The globin portion of the hemoglobin is digested to ___, which may be used in the process of ___

amino acids, protein synthesis

What is a band cell

an immature neutrophil

When hypoxia occurs, the kidneys produce a hormone called ___, which stimulates the red bone marrow to increase the rate of _________

erythropoietin, RBC production

The colon elimates bilirubin in ______

feces

A blood clot is made of

fibrin

Include antibodies

globulin

Include carrier molecules for fats in the blood

globulins

Include fibrinogen and prothrombin

globulins

The five kinds of WBCs are in two groups called __________ and ________

granular and agranular

The oxygen-carrying protein in RBCs is

hemoglobin

The oxygen-carrying protein of RBCs is

hemoglobin

What is a band cell

immature white blood cell

The function of erythropoietin is to

increase RBC production

The oxygen-carrying mineral in hemoglobin is

iron

The organ that produces crythropoietin during hypoxia is the

kidney

White blood cells (WBCs) are also called

leukocytes

The blood plasma makes up ________ to _________% of the total blood

52 - 62%

Plasma makes up _____% of the total blood and is itself _______% water

52%-62% 91%

The normal pH range of blood is _____ to ______

7.35 - 7.45

The normal pH range of blood is

7.35 to 7.45, slightly alkaline

Blood plasma is approximately _____ % water

91

A person with type AB blood has

A and B antigens on the RBCs and neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies in the plasma

An abnormal clot that forms on a rough surface in an intact vessel is called

A thrombus

The ABO group contain four blood types, which are __________,___________,_________, and __________

A, B, AB, O

The two most important RBC types are the ____group and the ___factor

ABO, Rh

The red bone marrow produces

All the types of blood cells

Become plasma cells that produce antibodies

B lymphocytes

contain histamine, which contributes to inflammation

Basophils

When old RBCs are destroyed, the waste product _____________ is formed and then excreted by the ______________

Bilrubin/liver in bile

detoxify foreign proteins

eosinophils

Red blood cells (RBCs) are also called

erythrocytes

The range of a normal hemoglobin (Hb) level is ___________to ________g/100 mL

12-18

The life span of RBCs is approximately ________days

120

The blood cells make up_______ to _________% of the total blood

38%-48%

The range of a normal hemotocrit (Hct) is ___% to _______%

38-48

The amount of blood within the body varies with the size of the person; this amount is in the range of _________ liters

4 to 6

CBC values: The range of normal RBC count is ______ to ______cells uL

4.5-6.0 million

What major cellular structure do mature RBCs lack

a nucleus

The stimulus for the formation of a platelet plug or a blood clot is

a rough surface

Contain heparin to prevent abnormal blood clotting

basophils

Carbon dioxide is carried in the plasma in the form of ___________ions

bicarbonate

Describe the appearance of RBCs

biconcave discs or thinner in the middle than at the edge

The heme portion of the hemoglobin of old RBCs is converted to ___________by RE cells

bilirubin

The term hemopoietic tissue means a tissue in which __________ is formed

blood cells

The mineral needed for chemical clotting is

calcium

the presence of _________ and ________ make blood more viscous than water

cells, plasma proteins (albumin)

Help prevent blood loss when blood vessels rupture

clotting factors

The water of plasma is a solvent, which means that substances may _________ in this water and be transported

dissolve