Chapter 11 Blood
Since it has no usefulness, bilirubin is considered a waste product. It is removed from circulation by the _______(organ) and excreted into _________
liver, bile
The iron from old RBCs may be stored in the_______ _or transported to the red bone marrow for the synthesis of new__________
liver, hemoglobin
Macrophages (RE cells) that phagocytize old RBCs are found in the _____, the ____ and the ______
liver, spleen, red bone marrow
The term hypoxia means
low blood oxygen level
The WBCs that recognize foreign antigens and produce antibodies are
lymphocytes
The stem cells of lymphatic tissue produce the WBCs called _____
lymphocytes
What are the 2 types of agranular WBCs
lymphocytes, monocytes
When these immature RBCs are present in large numbers in circulating blood, it means that there are not enough ______ to transport sufficient ___throughout the body.
mature RBCs, oxygen
Platelets are fragments of the large bone marrow cells called _______and __________ produced by the liver increased the rate of platelet formation
megakaryocytes and thrombopoietin
The WBCs that carry out most phagocytosis of pathogens are the
monocytes and neutrophilis
what are the 3 types of granular WBCs
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
In RBC formation, the last stage with a nucleus is called a _________
normoblast
In appearance, WBCs differ from RBCs in that all WBCs have __________present when the cells are mature
nuclei
Name two types of substances that are transported in dissolved form in the plasma
nutrients, wast products
The major regulating factor for RBC priduction is the amount of ________ in the blood and tissues
oxygen
The general function of WBCs is to protect the body from ______and to provide ______ to certain infectious diseases
pathogens, immunity
A hematocrit is a measure of the
percentage of RBCs in the total blood
Three types of cells formed in red bone marrow
platelets, RBCs, WBCs,
The function of platelets is hemostasis, which means
prevention of blood loss
The nutrients needed for RBC formation include ____ and _____ which will become part of the hemoglobin molecule
protein, iron
Platelets are formed in______
red bone marrow
Red blood cells are formed in
red bone marrow
The primary hemopoietic tissue is __________, which is found in _____________ and ________
red bone marrow, flat, irregular
In the formation of blood, the stage in which fragments of the ER are present is called a
reticulocyte
The last immature stage in RBC production is the
reticulocyte, which may be found in circulating blood
A large artery that is cut can contract in vascular spasm because its wall contains
smooth muscle
Lymphatic tissue is found in lymphatic organs such as the ________, _________ and _____
spleen, lymph nodes, thymus
In the red bone marrrow, the precursor cell for blood cells is called a ___________
stem cell
The cells in the hemopoietic tissues that undergo mitosis to produce all the types of blood cells are called
stem cells
The rough surface of a ruptured capillary causes platelets to __________and form a mechanical barrier over the opening
stick to the edges
The intrinsic facor is produced by the lining of the _______(organ)
stomach
The intrinsic factor needed for absorption of the extrinsic factor is produced by cells lining the
stomach
RBCs release oxygen in _______capillaries, and their hemoglobin is then called ___________
systemic, reduced hemoglobin
The viscosity of blood referes to its
thickness (or resistance to flow)
In chemical clotting, fibrinogen is split to fibrin by
thrombin
The term for low platelet count is
thrombocytopenia
What is the mechanism of hemostasis necessary in large vessels that are ruptured or cut
vascular spasm
The three mechanisms of hemostasis are
vascular spasm, platelet plugs and chemical clotting
The extrinsic factor is ___, which is needed for the synthesis of ____by the stem cells in the red bone marrow
vitabin B12, DNA
The extrinsic factor needed for DNA synthesis in the red bone marrow is
vitamin B12
The function of intrinsic factor is to prevent the digestion of __________and promote its absorption in the small intestine
vitamin B12
If the blood level of bilirubin rises, perhaps because of liver disease, the _________may appear yellow. This is called_________
whites of the eyes or light skin, jaundice
Important in allergic reactions and parasitic infections
Eosinphils
Synthesized only by the liver
HCO3-
Lymphatic tissue is found in all of these except for which one (lymph nodes, thymus glad, liver or spleen)
Liver
Become macrophages to phagocytize pathogens or damaged tissue
Monocytes
The most abundant phagocytes
Neutrophils
RBCs pick up oxygen when they circulate through the ___________ capillaries (in the ________), and this hemoglobin is now called___________
Pulmonary, (lungs), oxyhemoglobin
The Rh factor is an antigen that is found on the
RBCs of people who are Rh positive
Help recognize foreign antigens
T lymphocytes
Platelets are also called
Thrombocytes
Pulls tissue fluid into capillaries to maintain blood volume
albumin
The most abundant plasma protein
albumin
The plasma protein that helps maintain blood volume by pulling tissue fluid into capillaries is
albumin
Synthesized by lymphocytes or by the liver
albumin and clotting factors
The pH range of blood is slightly _________
alkaline
The globin portion of the hemoglobin is digested to ___, which may be used in the process of ___
amino acids, protein synthesis
What is a band cell
an immature neutrophil
When hypoxia occurs, the kidneys produce a hormone called ___, which stimulates the red bone marrow to increase the rate of _________
erythropoietin, RBC production
The colon elimates bilirubin in ______
feces
A blood clot is made of
fibrin
Include antibodies
globulin
Include carrier molecules for fats in the blood
globulins
Include fibrinogen and prothrombin
globulins
The five kinds of WBCs are in two groups called __________ and ________
granular and agranular
The oxygen-carrying protein in RBCs is
hemoglobin
The oxygen-carrying protein of RBCs is
hemoglobin
What is a band cell
immature white blood cell
The function of erythropoietin is to
increase RBC production
The oxygen-carrying mineral in hemoglobin is
iron
The organ that produces crythropoietin during hypoxia is the
kidney
White blood cells (WBCs) are also called
leukocytes
The blood plasma makes up ________ to _________% of the total blood
52 - 62%
Plasma makes up _____% of the total blood and is itself _______% water
52%-62% 91%
The normal pH range of blood is _____ to ______
7.35 - 7.45
The normal pH range of blood is
7.35 to 7.45, slightly alkaline
Blood plasma is approximately _____ % water
91
A person with type AB blood has
A and B antigens on the RBCs and neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies in the plasma
An abnormal clot that forms on a rough surface in an intact vessel is called
A thrombus
The ABO group contain four blood types, which are __________,___________,_________, and __________
A, B, AB, O
The two most important RBC types are the ____group and the ___factor
ABO, Rh
The red bone marrow produces
All the types of blood cells
Become plasma cells that produce antibodies
B lymphocytes
contain histamine, which contributes to inflammation
Basophils
When old RBCs are destroyed, the waste product _____________ is formed and then excreted by the ______________
Bilrubin/liver in bile
detoxify foreign proteins
eosinophils
Red blood cells (RBCs) are also called
erythrocytes
The range of a normal hemoglobin (Hb) level is ___________to ________g/100 mL
12-18
The life span of RBCs is approximately ________days
120
The blood cells make up_______ to _________% of the total blood
38%-48%
The range of a normal hemotocrit (Hct) is ___% to _______%
38-48
The amount of blood within the body varies with the size of the person; this amount is in the range of _________ liters
4 to 6
CBC values: The range of normal RBC count is ______ to ______cells uL
4.5-6.0 million
What major cellular structure do mature RBCs lack
a nucleus
The stimulus for the formation of a platelet plug or a blood clot is
a rough surface
Contain heparin to prevent abnormal blood clotting
basophils
Carbon dioxide is carried in the plasma in the form of ___________ions
bicarbonate
Describe the appearance of RBCs
biconcave discs or thinner in the middle than at the edge
The heme portion of the hemoglobin of old RBCs is converted to ___________by RE cells
bilirubin
The term hemopoietic tissue means a tissue in which __________ is formed
blood cells
The mineral needed for chemical clotting is
calcium
the presence of _________ and ________ make blood more viscous than water
cells, plasma proteins (albumin)
Help prevent blood loss when blood vessels rupture
clotting factors
The water of plasma is a solvent, which means that substances may _________ in this water and be transported
dissolve
