Chapter 11: Blood

Intrinsic

All factors needed always in blood for this pathway

Proconvertin (VII)

Both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways

Factor IV

Calcium ions (Ca2+)

Platelet concentration = 250 million/ml blood

Platelet concentration = ___ million/ml blood

Platelet count = 250,000/mm3

Platelet count = ____/mm3

- Also known as thrombocytes - Are cell fragments shed from megakaryocytes - Remain functional for an average of 10 days - Production stimulated by the hormone thrombopoietin, released by kidney - Play a role in hemostasis, the prevention of bleeding from an injured vessel

Platelets

Factor V

Proaccelerin

Biconcave

The __1__ shape of RBCs provides large surface area for diffusion of O2

Intrinsic

This pathway involves 7 steps

Platelets

Vessel repair promoted by factors from...

WBC count = 7000/mm3

WBC count = ___/mm3

Spleen

Worn out RBCs are trapped in the winding capillaries of the __1__

Thinness

____ of RBCs enables O2 to diffuse out of cell rapidly

1. B 2. A 3. Neither 4. Both

--- type A blood contains anti-_1_ antibodies --- type B blood contains anti-_2_ antibodies --- type AB blood contains _3_ antibodies --- type O blood contains _4_ antibodies

Keep going

1. Kidneys detect reduced O2-carrying capacity of blood. 2. When less O2 is delivered to the kidneys, they secrete erythropoietin into blood. 3. Erythropoietin stimulates erythropoiesis by bone marrow. 4. Additional circulating erythrocytes increase O2-carrying capacity of blood. 5. Increased O2-carrying capacity relieves initial stimulus that triggered erythropoietin secretion.

Tissue factor (III)

Activates extrinsic pathway

Factor VIII

Antihemophilic factor (AHF)

120

Because they lack organelles for repair, RBCs have a limited life span of about _1_ days

- An antibody binds with the specific antigen against which it is produced - Antibodies against foreign RBC antigens appear in human plasma after 6 months of age --- type A blood contains anti-B antibodies --- type B blood contains anti-A antibodies --- type AB blood contains neither antibodies --- type O blood contains both anti-A and anti-B antibodies

Blood Types

Red

Blood cell formation occurs in _1_ bone marrow

- type A blood contains A antigens - type B blood contains B antigens - type AB blood has both A and B antigens - type O blood has neither A nor B antigens

Blood types depend on surface antigens on erythrocytes:

Anhydrase

Carbonic __1__ catalyzes reaction that converts CO2 into bicarbonate ion (HCO3-)

Do work

Clotting Factors

12 Clotting pathway cascade of steps involves 12 plasma clotting factors that lead to formation of fibrin mesh Factors labeled up to 13, but no factor 6

Clotting pathway cascade of steps involves __ plasma clotting factors that lead to formation of fibrin mesh

Cascade of steps involving 12 plasma clotting factors that lead to formation of fibrin mesh. Cascade can be initiated by two pathways: - intrinsic pathway - extrinsic pathway

Clotting pathways

Stuart factor (X)

Common pathway

Fibrinogen (I)

Common pathway: - Converted to fibrin (insoluble weblike substance of clot)

Prothrombin (II)

Common pathway: Converted to thrombin (converts fibrinogen to fibrin)

Fibrin stabilizing factor (XIII)

Cross-links fibrin, forming strong, stable clot

1. Negative 2. Positive

Erythroblastosis fetalis, or hemolytic disease of the newborn will occur during the second pregnancy, if the first pregnancy included a mother with Rh __1__ blood and a baby with Rh __2__

Erythrocyte concentration = 5 billion/ml blood

Erythrocyte concentration = __ billion/ml blood

- Structure is suited to function of O2 transport - Shape (biconcave discs) provides large surface area for diffusion of O2 - Thinness enables O2 to diffuse out of cell rapidly - Flexible membrane allows RBCs to travel through narrow capillaries without rupturing - Contain large amounts of hemoglobin (Hb)

Erythrocytes (RBC)

- Because they lack organelles for repair, RBCs have a limited life span of about 120 days - Worn out RBCs are trapped in the winding capillaries of the spleen -Because RBCs cannot divide, the bone marrow must continuously replaces worn-out RBCs - This process is called erythropoiesis

Erythropoiesis

- Blood cell formation occurs in red bone marrow - Undifferentiated pluripotent stem cells give rise to all cellular elements of the blood - Erythropoiesis is stimulated by erythropoietin (EPO), a hormone secreted by the kidneys in response to reduced O2 delivery

Erythropoiesis

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Erythropoiesis is stimulated by __1__, a hormone secreted by the kidneys in response to reduced O2 delivery

- requires contact with tissue factors external to the blood - requires only 4 steps, faster than intrinsic pathway - tissue thromboplastin released from traumatized tissue directly activates factor X

Extrinsic pathway

Thromboplastin

Extrinsic pathway: Tissue __1__ released from traumatized tissue directly activates factor X

Factor XIII

Fibrin stabilizing factor (FSF)

Factor I

Fibrinogen

You got it

Figure 11-3 Major steps in erythrocyte production (erythropoiesis). Erythrocytes are derived in the red bone marrow from pluripotent stem cells that give rise to all the types of blood cells. Myeloid stem cells are partially differentiated cells that give rise to erythrocytes and several other types of blood cells. Nucleated erythroblasts are committed to becoming mature erythrocytes. These cells extrude their nucleus and organelles, making more room for hemoglobin. Reticulocytes are immature red blood cells that contain organelle (mostly ribosome) remnants. Mature erythrocytes are released into the abundant capillaries in the bone marrow

Get it

Figure 11.12: Erythrocytes trapped in the fibrin meshwork of a clot.

Don't worry, you got it

Figure 11.14: Clot pathways. The intrinsic clotting pathway (in blue) is initiated when factor XII (Hageman factor) is activated by contact with exposed collagen at a damaged vessel surface or by contact with a foreign surface. This pathway brings about clotting within damaged vessels and clotting of blood samples in test tubes. The shorter extrinsic clotting pathway (in gray) is initiated when factor X, a factor activated halfway through the intrinsic pathway, is activated by tissue thromboplastin released from damaged tissue. The extrinsic pathway causes clotting of blood that escapes from blood vessels into the surrounding tissue during injury. The steps in the two pathways are identical from factor X on (in blue gray).

Keep working hard

Figure 11.15: Role of factor XII in clot formation and dissolution. Activation of factor XII (Hageman factor) simultaneously initiates a fast cascade of reactions that result in clot formation and a fast cascade of reactions that result in plasmin activation. Plasmin, which is trapped in the clot, subsequently slowly dissolves the clot. This action removes the clot when it is no longer needed after the vessel has been repaired.

You got this

Figure 11.7: Transfusion reaction. A transfusion reaction resulting from type B blood being transfused into a recipient with type A blood.

- clot retraction when clot shrinks the fibrin mesh pulling the edges of the damaged vessel closer together - vessel repair promoted by factors from platelets - clot dissolution when clot is dissolved by enzyme plasminogen, which turns into plasmin

Final steps of hemostasis include:

Factor XII

Hageman factor

Negatively

Hageman factor (XII) is a plasma protein that is activated by __1__ charged surfaces

- An iron-containing molecule that can loosely and reversibly bind with O2 - Each hemoglobin molecule can carry four O2 molecules - Also contributes to CO2 transport and pH buffering of blood - To make room for Hb, RBCs do not contain a nucleus or organelles.

Hemoglobin

1. CO2 2. pH

Hemoglobin also contributes to _1_ transport and _2_ buffering of blood

Iron 4 Iron so 4 O2 molecules

Hemoglobin contains four _1_ molecules, which can loosely and reversibly bind with O2

- Vascular spasm - Platelet plug formation - Blood coagulation (clotting)

Hemostasis prevents blood loss from damaged small vessels. Involves 3 major steps;

- all factors needed always in blood - involves seven separate steps - set off when factor XII (Hageman factor) is activated by coming into contact with exposed collagen in injured vessel or foreign surface such as glass test tube

Intrinsic pathway for clotting

1. XII (Hageman factor) 2. Collagen

Intrinsic pathway is set off when factor __1__ is activated by coming into contact with exposed __2__ in injured vessel or foreign surface such as glass test tube

Hageman factor (XII)

Intrinsic pathway: - Activates plasmin - Initiates clotting in vitro - Activation initiates inflammation

Antihemophilic factor (VIII)

Intrinsic pathway: Deficiency results in hemophilia A

Plasma thromboplastin component (IX)

Intrinsic pathway: Deficiency results in hemophilia B

Plasma thromboplastin antecedent (XI)

Intrinsic pathway: Deficiency results in hemophilia C

Basophil

Least abundant leukocyte

Leukocyte concentration = 7 million/ml blood

Leukocyte concentration = __ million/ml blood

1. Monocyte 2. Lymphocyte

Mononuclear agranulocytes include __1__ and __2___

Neutrophil

Most abundant leukocyte

Calcium ions (IV)

Needed for essentially all stages of coagulation process; always present

Polymorphonuclear granulocytes

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and Basophils are all _____1_____ ____1_____

Tissue factor (III): - Nature: Plasma membrane glycoprotein - Source: Tissue cells Calcium ions (IV): - Nature: Inorganic ion - Source: Plasma

Only factors that are not plasma proteins and not made in the liver are...

Factor XI

Plasma thromboplastin antecedent (PTA)

Factor IX

Plasma thromboplastin component (PTC)

Thrombocytes

Platelets also known as...

Megakaryocytes

Platelets are cell fragments shed from...

Thrombopoietin

Platelets production is stimulated by the hormone ___1___, released by kidney

Erythropoiesis

Process of bone marrow continuously replacing worn-out RBCs is called...

Factor VII

Proconvertin

Factor II

Prothrombin

RBC count = 5,000,000/mm3

RBC count = _______/mm3

Hemoglobin (Hb)

RBCs contain large amounts of...

- People who have the Rh factor have Rh-positive blood - People lacking the Rh factor are Rh-negative - No naturally occurring antibodies develop against the Rh factor - Anti-Rh antibodies are produced only by Rh-negative people if exposed to Rh-positive blood

Rh Blood Group

Factor X

Stuart factor

Factor III

Tissue Factor (TF)

False: NO naturally occurring antibodies develop against the Rh factor

True/False Naturally occurring antibodies develop against the Rh factor

True

True/False: Anti-Rh antibodies are produced only by Rh-negative people if exposed to Rh-positive blood

True

True/False: Extrinsic pathway is faster than intrinsic pathway

True

True/False: People lacking the Rh factor have Rh-negative blood

False: Platelets remain function for an average of 10 days

True/False: Platelets remain function for an average of 120 days

False: Flexible membrane allows RBCs to travel through narrow capillaries without rupturing

True/False: RBCs are incapable of traveling through narrow capillaries without rupturing

False: To make room for Hb, RBCs do not contain a nucleus or organelles

True/False: RBCs contain nucleus, multiple large organelles, and Hb

False: RBCs cannot divide, the bone marrow must continuously replaces worn-out RBCs

True/False: RBCs divide every two minutes, producing the large amount in the body

- glycolytic enzymes necessary for generating ATP for membrane active-transport mechanisms - carbonic anhydrase catalyzes reaction that converts CO2 into bicarbonate ion (HCO3-)

Two types of enzymes in RBC:

Pluripotent

Undifferentiated __1__ stem cells give rise to all cellular elements of the blood

Clot dissolution

When clot is dissolved by enzyme plasminogen, which turns into plasmin

Clot retraction

When clot shrinks the fibrin mesh pulling the edges of the damaged vessel closer together

Glycolytic

__1__ enzymes are necessary for generating ATP for membrane active-transport mechanisms

1. Platelets 2. Hemostasis

__1__ play a role in the prevention of bleeding from an injured vessel, this process is called ___2___