Chapter 11

A5) Are certain nitrogen bases only compatible with each other? If so, which ones are they?

Yes, Adenine (A) only pairs with Thymine (T) and Cytosine (C) only pairs with Guamine (G)

B23) What is a codon? An anticodon?

- Codon: every 3 bases on the mRNA strand. This is the address that the tRNA is taking the amino acid to. - Anticodon: Set of 3 bases on the tRNA molecules that coresspond to SPECIFIC codons on the mRNA strand

B16) What is each group of 3 nucleotides called? What does it code for?

A codon and it codes for one amino acid of the newly forming proteins. 1 codon = 1 amino acid.

B7) What is the first step of DNA replication? Second step? Last step?

1. The separation of the two strands. 2. each parental strand now serves as a template that deterines the order of the bases along a new complementary strand. 3. the nucleotides are connected to form the sugar - phosphate backbones of the new strands.

B22) In order for translation/protein synthesis to occur, a cell needs: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

1. mRNA - carries DNA code 2. Ribosomes - sites where proteins are produced 3. rRNA - components that make up the ribosomes 4. Amino Acids - building blocks of proteins 5. tRNA - picks up amino acids and carries them to the ribosomes where they will join together to form the protein

11.1 VOCAB: 1. carbon ring structure that contains one or more atoms of nitrogen // 2. shape of DNA that is composed of two strand twisted together // 3. process of copying the DNA in the chromsomes

1. nitrogenous base 2. double helix 3. DNA replication

11.2 VOCAB: 1. In the nucleus, enzymes make a RNA copy of the portion of a DNA strand in this process. // 2. a group of three nitrogenous bases in mRNA that code for one amino acid. // 3. the process of converting the info in a sequence of nitrogenous bases in mRNA into a sequence of amino acid protein.

1. transcription 2. codon 3. translation

A6) Humans have only ___ chromosomes. Do all species have that same number? Are they all made up of A, C, G, and T?

46; no; yes, but in a different order

B19) How many combinations are possible codon combinations are there?

64 possible codon combinations

A4) What 4 nitrogen bases make up DNA?

Adenine (A); Cytosine (C); Guanine (G); Thymine (T)

B10) Why does the production of proteins involve many steps?

B/c instructions are stored in the nucleus and proteins are made (or synthesized) in the cytoplasm.

B17) The genetic code is based on what?

Based on the 4 bases of mRNA and 20 common amino acids (which build proteins).

B11) What is the difference between DNA and RNA?

DNA: double stranded, deoxyribose, contains thymine that pairs with adenine. RNA: single stranded, ribose sugar, contains uracil (U), instead of thymine, that pairs with adenine.

B14) What are exons? What are introns?

Exons: nucleotide sequences that are used to help make the codes. Introns: non-coding sequences in a nucleotide that are not needed, so they are released before a protein is made.

B15) Where is the mRNA made and what is it made up of?

In the nucleus and is made up of RNA nucleotides.

B2) What is the function ribosomal RNA (rRNA)?

It binds to the mRNA and uses the instructions to assemble amino acids in the correct order.

B1) What is the function messanger RNA (mRNA)?

It brings instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the cytoplasm in the cell.

B24) Fill in: RNA can be _______, also called _______, which functions to _______ from _______ to _______.

Messenger RNA, mRNA, carry instructions, DNA in the nucleus, ribosome in the cytoplasm.

B12) What is transcription?

Process in which RNA molecules are produced by copying part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA into complementary sequence in RNA.

B20) What is translation, or protein synthesis?

Process of reading the mRNA code and building a(n) enzyme/protein.

B25) Fill in: RNA can be _______, also called _______, which functions to _______ to make up _______.

Ribosome RNA, rRNA, combine with proteins, ribosomes

A1) In the double helix, what are the sides made of? What are the rungs made of?

Sides: made of alternating sugars and phosphates Rungs: made of 4 chemicals called nitrogen bases.

B3) What is the function transfer RNA (tRNA)?

The supplier delivers amino acids to the ribosome to be assembled into a protein.

A2) What do the nitorgen bases of the nucleotides hold together?

They hold together the DNA strands

B13) During transcription in the nucleus, what do enzymes do?

They make an RNA copy of DNA.

B18) Some codons do not code for amino acids. What do they do?

They provide instructions (to start or stop production)

B26) Fill in: RNA can be _______, also called _______, which functions to _______.

Transfer RNA, tRNA, bring amino acids to the ribosomes.

B5) The "parent" molecule has ___ strands of DNA.

Two

A3) a. What is a polymer made of repeating subunits? b. What are these repeating subunits called? c. What 3parts do they consist of?

a. DNA; b. nucleotides; c. simple sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogen base

B4) a. In DNA replication, enzymes "unzip" the DNA molecule creating what? b. What is added?

a. Two strands that serve as templates. b. Complimentary bases are added.

B9) a. What are proteins? b. And what are the roles of DNA and RNA in their production?

a. key cell structures and regulators of cell functions. b. DNA provides the instructions for making proteins and RNA takes those instructions and assembles proteins.

B21) Fill in: a. Once the DNA code has been ________ into a ________ molecule, mRNA leaves the ________ and moves into the ________. b. In the ________, the ________ combines with the ________ to make ________/________.

a. transcribed, mRNA, nucleus, cytoplasm b. cytoplasm, mRNA, ribosomes, enzymes/proteins

B6) Each base is paired by ______ ______ with it's specific partner. ___ with ___ and ___ with ___.

hydrogen bonding; A with T and C with G.

B8) Each "daughter" molecule consists of one _____ strand and one _____ strand.

parental, new