Chapter 11 general

Cognitive processes refer to all characteristics previously learned: ________. archetypes and personas beliefs and expectations defense mechanisms and coping strategies myths, legends, and stories

Beliefs and expectations

Tammy has a positive view of challenges: She views them as tasks to be mastered. She develops a deep interest in and a strong commitment to becoming a good teacher. When she doesn't pass her first teaching praxis, she quickly recovers and works to overcome the setback. Albert Bandura would say Tammy has ________. -healthy cognitive processes -high self-efficacy -low self-efficacy -moderate reciprocal determinism

-high self-efficacy

Who deleloped the social-cognitive theory? Abraham Maslow Albert Bandura Carl Rogers Erik Erikson

Albert Bandura

Because we have developed certain response tendencies, ________ believed that we demonstrate consistent behavior patterns. B. F. Skinner Hans and Sybil Eysenck Ivan Pavlov Sigmund Freud

B. F. Skinner

According to Galen, the ____ person is passionate, ambitious, and bold. choleric melancholic phlegmatic sanguine

Choleric

________ is a state of being in which our thoughts about our real and ideal selves are very similar. congruence egotism incongruence self-concept

Conguence

The ________ is composed of a series of true and false questions in order to establish an individual's clinical profile. Contemporized-Themes Concerning Blacks Test (C-TCB) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) Rorschach Inkblot Test TEMAS Multicultural Thematic Apperception Test

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

What is the main idea of the behavioral perspective on personality? Personality is formed solely in childhood. Personality is significantly shaped by the biology of the organism. Personality is significantly shaped by the reinforcements and consequences outside of the organism. Personality theory should be based on social health.

Personality is significantly shaped by the reinforcements and consequences outside of the organism.

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? According to Sigmund Freud, unconscious drives influenced by sex and aggression and childhood socialization are the forces that influence our personality. The name "Sigmund Freud" should be changed to the name "Carl Jung." -The word "personality" should be changed to the phrase "real self." -The word "socialization" should be changed to the word "sexuality." -The word "unconscious" should be changed to the word "conscious."

The word "socialization" should be changed to the word "sexuality."

Which question was central to the marshmallow test? Do you think you could accomplish great things even when the fates are against you? Is your life more like a marshmallow or more like a rock? Would you be able to resist getting a small reward now in order to get a larger reward later? Would you make the same decisions your parent would make?

Would you be able to resist getting a small reward now in order to get a larger reward later?

Which of the following theorists is not neo-Freudian? Albert Bandura Carl Jung Erik Erikson Karen Horney

albert bandura

Jessica believes that she succeeds in high school because she works hard, earned a place on the basketball team because she practices constantly, and cooks well because she takes cooking classes. Julian Rotter would say that Jessica has ________. an external locus on control an internal locus of control good self-regulation poor self-regulation

an internal locus of control

If parents are too lenient in the ________ stage, the child might become messy, careless, disorganized, and prone to emotional outbursts. anal genital oral phallic

anal

Which of the following is not a way we tend to think of personality? Our personalities ________. are mutable are not easy to change are stable exist over a long term

are mutable

The ________ refers to the common psychological tendencies that have been passed down from one generation to the next. collective unconscious gestalt id ideal self

collective unconscious

Ina can no longer read the street signs, but she refuses to admit she needs glasses to drive. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify? denial displacement rationalization rejection

denial

The ________ personality is anxious, self-conscious, artistic, thoughtful, quiet, and private. ectomorph endomorph mesomorph somatomorph

ectomorph

Hans and Sybil Eysenck viewed people as having two specific personality dimensions: ________. extroversion/introversion; neuroticism/stability extroversion/stability; introversion/neuroticism phlegmatic/choleric; sanguine/melancholic phlegmatic/melancholic; choleric/sanguine

extroversion/introversion; neuroticism/stability

In the ________ stage, there is a sexual reawakening as the incestuous urges resurface. The young person redirects these urges to other, more socially acceptable partners (who often resemble the other-sex parent). anal genital oral phallic

genital

________ describes a proportion of difference among people that is attributed to genetics. heritability personality temperament trait

heritability

What is the developmental task of Erik Erikson's eighth stage of psychosocial development, in which an individual assesses and makes sense of her life and the meaning of her contributions? autonomy vs. shame/doubt generativity vs. stagnation identity vs. confusion integrity vs. despair

integrity vs. despair

According to Abraham Maslow, the highest need is ________. good parenting love self-actualization self-efficacy

self-actualization

________ theorists attempt to explain our personality by identifying our stable characteristics and ways of behaving. character Jungian Rorschach trait

trait

What is the advantage of applying learning approaches to the study of personality? A. They are feminist. B. They are multicultural. C. They can be scientifically tested. D. They use animal research.

C. They can be scientifically tested.

The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is a projective test ________. in which people are presented with ambiguous images that employs a series of symmetrical inkblot cards that is designed to be culturally relevant to minority groups that is similar to a word association test

In which people are presented with ambiguous images

What is the main difference between Sigmund Freud and the neo-Freudians? Neo-Freudians reduced the emphasis on sex. Neo-Freudians theorized about personality while Sigmund Freud did not. Sigmund Freud did not emphasize childhood sexuality while the neo-Freudians did. Sigmund Freud was a feminist while the neo-Freudians were not.

Neo-Freudians reduced the emphasis on sex.

The ________ approach to the study of personality came about in reaction to the dominance of Western approaches to the study of personality in non-Western settings. culture feminist indigenous TEMAS

indigenous

*According to Sigmund Freud, an adult who smokes, drinks, overeats, or bites her nails is fixated in the ________ stage of her psychosexual development. anal genital oral phallic

oral

Dr. Grimes conducts a ________ by requesting that his patient respond to ambiguous stimuli, thus revealing hidden feelings, impulses, and desires. projective test psychoanalysis self-report inventory trait analysis

projective test

In Albert Bandura's social-cognitive theory, behavior refers to ________. actions that are not internally motivated anything an individual does that can be punished or rewarded reactions that are externally motivated specific actions that result in reactions

Anything an individual does that can be punished or rewarded

Which of the following is not something the theories of Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow have in common? -Both theories are humanistic. -Both theories focus on individual choices. -Both theories focus on the personality formed in infancy. -Both theories reject biological determinism.

Both theories focus on the personality formed in infancy.

Who developed the first comprehensive theory of personality? Hippocrates Immanuel Kant Sigmund Freud Wilhelm Wundt

Sigmund Freud

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Hippocrates theorized phlegmatic, the personality trait, was associated with black bile from the kidneys. The name "Hippocrates" should be changed to the name "Galen." The phrase "black bile from the kidneys" should be changed to the phrase "white phlegm from the lungs." The word "personality" should be changed to the word "temperament." The word "phlegmatic" should be changed to the word "choleric."

The phrase "black bile from the kidneys" should be changed to the phrase "white phlegm from the lungs."

Why was Sigmund Freud trained as a medical doctor and not a psychologist? -He tried to become a psychologist, but he could not pass the required exams. -He tried to become a psychologist, but no university would admit a Jewish student. -His theories were too radical, so he trained as a physician to give himself creditability. -There was no such thing as a degree in psychology when he received his education.

There was no such thing as a degree in psychology when he received his education

Kim believed he failed his math class because the test was too hard, passed his psychology class because the professor passed every student in the class, and didn't get the internship because the manager didn't like him. Julian Rotter would say that Kim has ________. a dependent personality an external locus of control an internal locus of control low self-efficacy

an external locus of control

Karen Horney suggested ways in which people typically cope with day-to-day problems. According to Horney, these strategies could ________ if used rigidly and compulsively. become neurotic strategies lose their effectiveness result in a complete mental breakdown result in obsessive-compulsive behavior

become neurotic strategies

A(an) ________ locus of control is the belief that our outcomes are outside of our control; an ________ locus of control is the belief that we control our own outcomes. congruent; incongruent external; internal internal; external real; ideal

external; internal

When Marcos is unhappy, he is mean to other children; he calls them names and behaves aggressively toward them. He often manipulates his peers into doing what he wants. What coping strategy is Marcos using? detachment extroversion moving against people moving with people

moving against people

Karen Horney described three coping styles when dealing with anxiety. Which of the following is not one of them? moving against people moving away from people moving toward people moving with people

moving with people

Self-efficacy is ________. a state of being in which our thoughts about our real and ideal selves are very similar our level of confidence in our own abilities the belief that one's environment can determine behavior the belief that we have power over our lives

our level of confidence in our own abilities

Immanuel Kant used the terms persistent, steadfast, and calm to describe a ________ person. choleric melancholic phlegmatic sanguine

phlegmatic