Chapter 11- Geography (Earth Science)
The oceanic crust is less dense than the continental crust.
False
Which of the following statements about Earth's core is not true?
The inner core is believed to be liquid and the outer core solid.
Earth was once in a molten state, during which materials became sorted based on density
True
The Hawaiian Islands were formed as a result of a rising plume of magma from the mantle
True
The Moho mirrors the surface topography, i.e., high laces on the surface of the Earth overlies areas in which the Moho descends to greater depths, and vice versa.
True
There are two types of time, which are _____ and _____
absolute; relative
At which of the following locations does subduction occur?
along collision zones between continental and oceanic plates
The Earth's dominant materials are ______ and _______
iron; silica
When geologists or archaeologists dig downward into a unit of rock or sediment, they are digging "back in time". This fact is based on the principle of ____
superposition.
Which of the following are located along the mid-ocean ridge?
volcanoes
Which of the following is an exogenic process?
weathering
Which of the following plays a role in the shaping of Earth's surface?
-gravity -the action wind, water, and ice -the radioactive decay of atoms
Which of the following is true of the asthenosphere?
-it contains pockets of increased heat -it flows -it carries the lithospheric plates
The oceanic crust thickness is about ___ km, and the average continental crust thickness is _____ km.
5;30
Earth's magnetic field
A variable, and it has phased to zero some nine times during the past 4 million years
Since the core's mass is about one third of Earth's entire mass, the volume of the core is also of one third of the Earth's entire volume.
False
The density of material below the Moho is less than that above it.
False
Three basic rock types are _______ (fire-formed, molten), _______ (from settling out), and _______ (transformed from any other rock through extreme heat or pressure).
Igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic
The principles of buoyancy and balance, when applied to Earth's crust, helps us to explain fluctuations in Earth's outer crust, a property known as
Isostatic adjustment
Wegener used _____________________ to name a supercontinent approximately 225 million years ago.
Pangaea
Which of the following is not an example of an age-relationship based on absolute dating?
The Coconino formation in the Grand Canyon is older than the Kaibab formation
Depth of earthquake focus increases with increasing distance from ocean trench
True
Ocean floor subducts under continents because the ocean floor is denser than continental material
True
The age of the sea floor increases with increasing distance from a mid-ocean ridge
True
The fluid outer core generates 90% of Earth's magnetic field
True
The magnetic stripes found around mid-Atlantic ridge were due to the magnetic reversal.
True
Uniformitatrianism assumes that the same physical processes we see today are a key to understand the processes that have been operating throughout the geologic time
True
Convergent plates boundaries are characteristics of
collision zones between plates
In 1912, German geophysicist and meteorologist, Alfred Wegener first proposed the ____________ hypothesis about the Earth's land mass migration.
continental drift
Which of the following gives the correct sequence of layers in the Earth, from the surface to the center?
crust, asthenosphere, lower mantle, core
Which of the following lists the correct sequence of divisions in the geologic time scale, from largest to smallest?
eon, era, period, epoch
The decay is expressed as ________, the time required for one half of the unstable atoms in a sample to decay into "daughter" isotopes.
half life
The youngest epoch in the geologic time scale is ____
holocene
The transportation and deposition of materials by media powered by solar energy is the
hydrologic cycle
The geologic cycle is composed of three subsystems:
hydrologic cycle, rock cycle, and tectonic cycle
Knowledge of Earth's interior is derived from
indirect evidence involving the analysis of seismic waves
Several large, linear lakes are formed in East Africa. This evidence of what process?
rifting
Divergent plate boundaries are characteristics of
sea-floor spreading centers
Heat energy and new material are brought to the surface from the interior by the
tectonic cycle
Which of the following is an endogenic process?
volcanism
Radioactivity dating only can be used to measure relative time
False
List three types of plate boundaries
divergent, convergent, and transform
List four evidences Wegener used to prove his hypothesis ________, ______, _________, and __________.
Coastal lines; fossils, rock types &mountain belts, ancient climates
Which layer of planet forms 80% of Earth's total volume, and has an average density of 4.5 g/cm3.
mantle
Which of the following gives the correct sequence of layers in the mantle, from bottom to top?
mantle; upper mantle; asthenosphere
Two most abundant chemical elements in Earth's crust are _____ and _______
oxygen; silica
The asthenosphere can be described as
plastic-like
Which of the following is incorrectly matched?
radioactive decay heat-exogenic energy source