Chapter 11- Geography (Earth Science)

The oceanic crust is less dense than the continental crust.

False

Which of the following statements about Earth's core is not true?

The inner core is believed to be liquid and the outer core solid.

Earth was once in a molten state, during which materials became sorted based on density

True

The Hawaiian Islands were formed as a result of a rising plume of magma from the mantle

True

The Moho mirrors the surface topography, i.e., high laces on the surface of the Earth overlies areas in which the Moho descends to greater depths, and vice versa.

True

There are two types of time, which are _____ and _____

absolute; relative

At which of the following locations does subduction occur?

along collision zones between continental and oceanic plates

The Earth's dominant materials are ______ and _______

iron; silica

When geologists or archaeologists dig downward into a unit of rock or sediment, they are digging "back in time". This fact is based on the principle of ____

superposition.

Which of the following are located along the mid-ocean ridge?

volcanoes

Which of the following is an exogenic process?

weathering

Which of the following plays a role in the shaping of Earth's surface?

-gravity -the action wind, water, and ice -the radioactive decay of atoms

Which of the following is true of the asthenosphere?

-it contains pockets of increased heat -it flows -it carries the lithospheric plates

The oceanic crust thickness is about ___ km, and the average continental crust thickness is _____ km.

5;30

Earth's magnetic field

A variable, and it has phased to zero some nine times during the past 4 million years

Since the core's mass is about one third of Earth's entire mass, the volume of the core is also of one third of the Earth's entire volume.

False

The density of material below the Moho is less than that above it.

False

Three basic rock types are _______ (fire-formed, molten), _______ (from settling out), and _______ (transformed from any other rock through extreme heat or pressure).

Igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic

The principles of buoyancy and balance, when applied to Earth's crust, helps us to explain fluctuations in Earth's outer crust, a property known as

Isostatic adjustment

Wegener used _____________________ to name a supercontinent approximately 225 million years ago.

Pangaea

Which of the following is not an example of an age-relationship based on absolute dating?

The Coconino formation in the Grand Canyon is older than the Kaibab formation

Depth of earthquake focus increases with increasing distance from ocean trench

True

Ocean floor subducts under continents because the ocean floor is denser than continental material

True

The age of the sea floor increases with increasing distance from a mid-ocean ridge

True

The fluid outer core generates 90% of Earth's magnetic field

True

The magnetic stripes found around mid-Atlantic ridge were due to the magnetic reversal.

True

Uniformitatrianism assumes that the same physical processes we see today are a key to understand the processes that have been operating throughout the geologic time

True

Convergent plates boundaries are characteristics of

collision zones between plates

In 1912, German geophysicist and meteorologist, Alfred Wegener first proposed the ____________ hypothesis about the Earth's land mass migration.

continental drift

Which of the following gives the correct sequence of layers in the Earth, from the surface to the center?

crust, asthenosphere, lower mantle, core

Which of the following lists the correct sequence of divisions in the geologic time scale, from largest to smallest?

eon, era, period, epoch

The decay is expressed as ________, the time required for one half of the unstable atoms in a sample to decay into "daughter" isotopes.

half life

The youngest epoch in the geologic time scale is ____

holocene

The transportation and deposition of materials by media powered by solar energy is the

hydrologic cycle

The geologic cycle is composed of three subsystems:

hydrologic cycle, rock cycle, and tectonic cycle

Knowledge of Earth's interior is derived from

indirect evidence involving the analysis of seismic waves

Several large, linear lakes are formed in East Africa. This evidence of what process?

rifting

Divergent plate boundaries are characteristics of

sea-floor spreading centers

Heat energy and new material are brought to the surface from the interior by the

tectonic cycle

Which of the following is an endogenic process?

volcanism

Radioactivity dating only can be used to measure relative time

False

List three types of plate boundaries

divergent, convergent, and transform

List four evidences Wegener used to prove his hypothesis ________, ______, _________, and __________.

Coastal lines; fossils, rock types &mountain belts, ancient climates

Which layer of planet forms 80% of Earth's total volume, and has an average density of 4.5 g/cm3.

mantle

Which of the following gives the correct sequence of layers in the mantle, from bottom to top?

mantle; upper mantle; asthenosphere

Two most abundant chemical elements in Earth's crust are _____ and _______

oxygen; silica

The asthenosphere can be described as

plastic-like

Which of the following is incorrectly matched?

radioactive decay heat-exogenic energy source